Biotechnology/Genomes Flashcards
The sequencing method that cuts the DNA of an entire chromosome into small fragments and then clones these fragments is called
RFLP sequencing.
consensus sequencing.
clone-by-clone sequencing.
shotgun sequencing.
shotgun sequencing.
The most common way to follow bacterial transformation with a plasmid is by
manufacturing the bacterial protein.
conferring antibiotic resistance.
altering the physical appearance of the cells.
separating the altered cell surface.
conferring antibiotic resistance.
Single-stranded ends generated by the same restriction enzyme are complementary to each other. They can be joined together
but the hybridization of the two ends may cause a problem with cloning.
but the “sticky ends” will most likely have to be modified.
even when the source of the DNA is different.
only when the source of the DNA is the same.
even when the source of the DNA is different.
Single-stranded ends generated by the same restriction enzyme are complementary to each other. They can be joined together
but the hybridization of the two ends may cause a problem with cloning.
but the “sticky ends” will most likely have to be modified.
even when the source of the DNA is different.
only when the source of the DNA is the same.
even when the source of the DNA is different.
Rice and its grain relatives, maize, barley, and wheat, diverged from a common ancestor 50 million years ago. However, the chromosomes of these plants demonstrate extensive conserved arrangements of segments. This phenomenon is called
synteny.
contig.
linkage disequilibrium.
expressed sequence equilibrium.
synteny.
The inclusive term that describes all of the DNA in the nucleus of a cell is its
genome.
proteome.
chromosome.
gene.
genome.
Recombination frequency between genes can be used to generate a
genetic map.
restriction map.
haplotype map.
physical map.
genetic map.
A technique used to amplify a desired piece of DNA is
gel electrophoresis.
PCR
plasmid replication.
Northern Blot.
PCR
Non-coding DNA regions within a gene are referred to as
exons.
pseudogenes.
introns.
templates.
introns.
A pharmaceutical company is developing a new drug to treat a rare disease. They need to determine which of the cell’s proteins can bind the drug. Which tool can help them survey the proteome for drug interactions?
Using a monoclonal antibody
ENCODE
DNA microarray
Protein microarray
Protein microarray
The organism with the largest relative genome size is _____ and the organism with the highest number of actual genes is ______.
yeast; yeast
human; human
human; rice
fruit fly; human
human; rice
Gel _________is a process that separates DNA or protein fragments according to their size, by causing them to migrate within a gel in response to an electric field.
electrophoresis
migration
blotting
duplication
electrophoresis
Small circular, extrachromosomal DNA segments are known as _________.
vectors
clones
plasmids
RNA
plasmids
Your research team has been asked to quantify levels of cellular RNAs in rats before and after exercise. The primary focus of your work will be to analyze the
spliceosome.
nucleosome.
proteome.
transcriptome.
transcriptome.
You are the scientific consultant for a television show about forensic analysis. In an upcoming episode, investigators will compare the DNA of a suspect and a DNA sample collected from the victim’s fingernails. You are to write up a brief explanation of the technique required for comparing the DNA. Which technique should you explain?
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
RT-PCR
DNA fingerprinting
RNAi
DNA fingerprinting
All of the following involve molecular biology techniques except
ligating DNA fragments together.
using a DNA polymerase to copy DNA via PCR.
using restriction enzymes to cut specific sequences of DNA.
creation of Okazaki fragments.
creation of Okazaki fragments.
An immunoassay was developed to rapidly diagnose patients infected with an emerging virus. However, the researchers discovered that some individuals were producing false negatives when tested, despite being infected with the virus. What might explain this?
Number of genome copies carried in each virion
Changes in the antibody produced by the virus
Rapid evolution of the viral antigen
Changes in the length of the viral DNA
Rapid evolution of the viral antigen
Three scientists are using different forms of PCR for their research. Abby wants to determine changes in gene expression levels in a tissue, so she uses _________. Bob is trying to extract genetic information from a wooly mammoth fossil, so he uses _________. Chris needs to express a gene in bacteria that matches the form expressed in kidney cells, so she uses _________.
RT-PCR; PCR; quantitative RT-PCR
quantitative RT-PCR; RT-PCR; PCR
quantitative RT-PCR; PCR; RT-PCR
PCR; quantitative RT-PCR; RT-PCR
quantitative RT-PCR; PCR; RT-PCR
A human gene is composed of numerous fragments of protein-encoding information known as _______.
exons
introns
mRNA
DNA
exons
A 6.85 kb EcoRI fragment of DNA is shown below. The location of several restriction sites is indicated. Scale is approximate.Gene showing different restriction enzyme sites.
If you were to digest this DNA with PstI, which length of DNA fragment would migrate the fastest on an agarose gel?
3425
235
803
2622
803
The relative location of genes on a chromosome as determined by recombination frequencies is illustrated in a _______ map.
chromosomal
DNA
physical
genetic
genetic
The ________ from Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used in genetic engineering involving crop plant genes.
Ti vector
restriction endonucleases
DNA
Ti plasmid
Ti plasmid
Which of the following types of information would be most useful in an effort to move a DNA fragment from one plasmid vector to another, using molecular cloning techniques?
Data from cloning of Dolly the sheep
Restriction maps of the plasmids
DNA fingerprint data
Sequence of PCR primers
Restriction maps of the plasmids
Which of the following types of information would be most useful in an effort to move a DNA fragment from one plasmid vector to another, using molecular cloning techniques?
Data from cloning of Dolly the sheep
Restriction maps of the plasmids
DNA fingerprint data
Sequence of PCR primers
Restriction maps of the plasmids
Crop plants have been protected from certain insects by the addition of a gene for a specific insect toxin from the bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis.
Pseudomonas.
Herpes simplex.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
The most recent techniques developed in the biological sciences allow the manipulation of DNA with the ultimate goal of intervening directly with the _________fate of organisms.
genetic
adult
developmental
mitotic
genetic
Single-stranded complementary tails that are produced by restriction digestion are called ______ ends.
orphaned
sticky
vectors
5’
sticky
Sequences of DNA assembled by identifying overlaps among smaller DNA segments are known as
draft sequences.
synteny.
a contig.
the proteome.
a contig.
Distances on a genetic map are measured in _____ units.
DNA
centimorgan
dalton
centromere
centimorgan
BamHI is a Type II restriction enzyme that recognizes the sequence 5’ G*GATCC 3’, and cuts between the two Gs, leaving a 5’ overhang. If you were to digest DNA with BamHI, what would be the sequence of the overhanging sticky ends of the two strands?
5’ GATCC 3’ and 5’ GATCC 3’
5’ GATC 3’ and 5’ GATC 3’
5’ GATCC 3’ and 5’ GGATC 3’
5’ GATC 3’ and 5’ CTAG 3’
5’ GATC 3’ and 5’ GATC 3’
Microarrays are created by robotically placing DNA on to a microscope slide and probing with
STSs from the tissue of interest.
RNA from the tissue of interest.
SNPs from the tissue of interest.
another DNA from the tissue of interest.
RNA from the tissue of interest.
A friend makes the argument that transgenic crops have only been used to enrich large corporations, not to improve people’s health. What is the best counterexample?
Bt maize
Glyphosate-resistant soybeans
Cre-Lox
Golden Rice
Golden Rice
Bacterial plasmids and artificial chromosomes are used as _________to insert foreign DNA into host cells and create recombinant genomes.
subunits
clones
endonucleases
vectors
vectors
Restriction enzymes are
proteases.
exonucleases.
endonucleases.
lipases.
endonucleases.
Restriction enzymes are
proteases.
exonucleases.
endonucleases.
lipases.
endonucleases.
Investigators have found a new species of bacteria that lives under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. They hypothesize that different genes are expressed in each condition. Which experiment could test this hypothesis and identify important genes?
Completely sequence the genome of the bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Measure levels of RNA polymerase in both conditions
Design primers to a specific region of the genome and sequence this region during both anaerobic and aerobic conditions
Collect mRNA from both anaerobic and aerobic conditions and generate two cDNA libraries
Collect mRNA from both anaerobic and aerobic conditions and generate two cDNA libraries
A medical researcher is trying to develop a diagnostic technique for a disease which is characterized by replication of a particular chromosomal region. What would be the most appropriate technique?
Gene chip
White blood cell count
FISH
Genome sequencing
FISH
Prior to using PCR to introduce mutations into DNA in vitro, what was a common method of mutagenesis used by scientists?
Chemicals to induce mutations
Using only old parents to set crosses in plants and animals
Self-fertilization of plants or inbreeding of animal models
Physical manipulation of DNA (e.g. vortexing)
Chemicals to induce mutations
The ENCODE project seeks to
sequence the genomes of all animals.
identify the coding sequences of human DNA.
sequence the DNA of all organisms.
identify the functional elements of the human genome.
identify the functional elements of the human genome.
Using actual landmarks within DNA sequences, scientists can generate a _______ map.
DNA
genetic
chromosomal
physical
physical
When comparing the genomes of prokaryotes versus eukaryotes, it can be accurately stated that
larger and more complex organisms have more genes than smaller, less complex organisms.
larger and more complex organisms have more genes than smaller, less complex organisms.
eukaryotic genomes are larger than prokaryotic genomes.
eukaryotic genomes are smaller than prokaryotic genomes.
eukaryotic genomes are larger than prokaryotic genomes.
Imagine that a very unusual animal species had the ability to make its own aromatic amino acids using a 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase enzyme similar to that of plants. What would happen if this animal foraged in a field of glyphosate-resistant plants?
They would no longer need to make their own aromatic amino acids
They would become sick from the glyphosate that was sprayed on the plants
They would also become glyphosate-resistant
No effect
They would become sick from the glyphosate that was sprayed on the plants
A fourth type of restriction enzyme is identified that cleaves at precise locations like a type II enzyme, but it also occasionally makes mistakes and cuts elsewhere. Would this type of enzyme be a useful enzyme to use in molecular cloning?
Yes, because cutting mistakes don’t matter in molecular cloning.
No, because it is a precise enzyme.
Yes, because it cuts correctly sometimes.
No, because cutting mistakes could lead to incorrect cloning.
No, because cutting mistakes could lead to incorrect cloning.
Organisms containing DNA from an outside source are called
transcribed organisms.
plasmid organisms.
transgenic organisms.
hybrid organisms.
transgenic organisms.
Organisms containing DNA from an outside source are called
transcribed organisms.
plasmid organisms.
transgenic organisms.
hybrid organisms.
transgenic organisms.
You have been asked to construct a physical map of the baboon genome. What would be helpful in this task?
Microarrays and SAGE
Chromosome maps and STSs
Gene linkage data
BLAST and ENCODE data
Chromosome maps and STSs
Enzymes that cleave DNA at specific sites are called _________.
vectors
restriction endonucleases
peptidases
DNAses
vectors
You have discovered a very small amount of DNA from an ancient organism that you want to save and study. What is the very first thing you should do to allow you to study this DNA in the lab?
Gel electrophoresis
Insert the DNA into a vector
RT-PCR
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Two strands of DNA that have been cut by an endonuclease can be sealed together by a(n)
ligase enzyme.
exonuclease enzyme.
polymerase enzyme.
methylase enzyme.
ligase enzyme.
