Biotechnology Flashcards
What is the major break through in DNA technology that enables foreign genes to be expressed in other organisms?
Recombinant DNA technology
Define genetic engineering?
Direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes
Recombinant DNA technology definition
Nucleotide sequences from two different sources, often two species, are combined in vitro into the same DNA molecule
Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) definition
Enzyme that cleaves DNA at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as restriction sites
Expression vectors (expression construct) definition
a plasmid or virus designed for protein expression in cells
Gene cloning defintion
Involves using bacteria to make multiple copies of a gene
Applications of Biotechnology:
Red, Green, Blue, White
Red: Medical
Green: Agricultural
Blue: Marine
White: Industrial
How do we make transgenic plants?
By using the Ti plasmid (Tumor inducing)-most commonly used vector for introducing new genes into plants
What is DNA microinjection
Inject a chosen gene construct into the pronucleus of a fertilized ovum which is transferred into the oviduct of a recipient female (foster mother)
Embryonic stem cell-mediated gene transfer
Prior insertion of desired DNA sequence by homologous recomination into an in vitro culture-then cells are incorporated into an embryo at the blastocyst stage of development
Called a chimeric animal
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer
Increase the probability of expression
Offspring are chimeric
What is bioremediation?
Process of using microbes, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to decontaminate the environment
What are the practical applications of bioremediation?
- Toxic wastes
- Radioactive nuclear wastes
- Oil spills
- Sewage eflluent (denitrification)
- Chlorinated solvents
- Agricultural chemicals
What are the applications of Cellulase?
Dishwashing detergents, animal feed, textiles, bioenergy production
What are the applications of Lactase?
Eliminate lactose from dietary foods
