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Biochemistry > Biochemistry Block 2 > Flashcards

Biochemistry Block 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Cell Signalling

A
  1. Endocrine
  2. Paracrine
  3. Neuronal
  4. Contact Dependent
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2
Q

Endocrine Signalling

A

Hormones are released into blood stream and act diffusely on targeted cells throughout the body

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3
Q

Paracrine Signalling

A

“Neighbour”- local mediators (example: Eicosanoids & Nitric Oxide)

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4
Q

Neuronal Signalling

A

Neurotransmitters carry signals between neurons to other neurons (examples: Acth, dopamine, serotonin)

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5
Q

Contact Dependent Signalling

A

Direct contact between cells/or cell matrix. No secretion of molecules (Examples: plasmodesmata, gap junctions)

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6
Q

Types of Growth factors (4)

A
  1. Epidermal
  2. Nerve
  3. Platelet Derived
  4. Eicosanoids (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes)
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7
Q

3 Types of Cell surface receptors

A
  1. Ion-channel linked
  2. Enzyme-linked
  3. G-protein
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8
Q

2 Types of Intracellular receptors

A
  1. Gene regulating
  2. Enzymatic
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9
Q

Enzyme-linked

Cell surface receptor

A

Single pass
Activates tyrosine kinase

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10
Q

G-protein coupled receptors

Cell surface receptor

A

Act with aid of GTP
7 pass protein

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11
Q

Gs

A

Activates adenylyl cyclase

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12
Q

Gi

A

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase

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13
Q

Gq

A

Activates phospholipase C

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14
Q

Gt (transducin)

A

Activates cGMP-phosphodiesterase in vertebrates rod photoreceptors

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15
Q

Steps of G-proteins

A
  1. Hormone binds to receptor (GDP to GTP)
  2. G-protein breaks into subunits
  3. Alpha subunit activates adenylate cyclase which catalyzes cAMP from ATP
  4. GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP
  5. Now inactivated the G protein separates from the enzyme and can be reused again
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16
Q

Intracellular receptors

A
  1. Reside in the cytoplasm and translocate to the nucleus
  2. Reside in nucleus bound to DNA
  3. Reside in nucleus bound to proteins
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17
Q

Gene regulation receptors

A

“Transcription factors”
1. Binding of the hormone induces conformational changes in the receptor
2. It then binds to regulatory DNA to affect transcription

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18
Q

Second messengers

A

Small molecules produced in the cytoplasm in response to activation of a cell surface receptor

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19
Q

Signal amplification

A

Signal process is amplified at each step, ensuring a swifter transmission

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20
Q

Scaffolding proteins

A
  1. Bind to activated receptors
  2. Hold several molecules of a kinase in place-increasing transduction
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21
Q

Characteristics of Metabolism

A
  1. Irreversible
  2. Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
  3. Has a first committed step
  4. Regulated
  5. Occur in specific cellular locations (eukaryotes)
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22
Q

Catabolism

A
  1. Degradation
  2. Convergent
  3. Oxidative
    Products include: (NADH, NADPH, ATP, FADH2)
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23
Q

Anabolism

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Reductive
  3. Divergent
  4. Uses ATP
    Products: NAD+, FAD, ADP, NADP+
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24
Q

What is the link between Catabolism and Anabolism?

A

ATP

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25
Q

Regulation of Metabolic Pathways

A
  1. Gene regulation
  2. Cellular regulation
  3. Biochemical regulation (allosteric/covalent modification)
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26
Q

Feed Cycle

A

2-4 hrs after a meal
1. Increase plasma glucose, TAGS, and amino acids
2. B-cells in pancreas release insulin-glucose moves into cells
3. Starts anabolism

27
Q

What is the nutrient distribution center?

28
Q

Fast Cycle

A
  1. Decrease in plasma glucose, amino acids, and TAGs
  2. Glucagon/Epi secretion
  3. Catabolic phase
29
Q

What does the Liver do for energy in the fast cycle?

A
  1. Increase glycogen degradation
  2. Gluconeogenesis
  3. B-oxidation
  4. Ketogenesis
30
Q

What does the Adipose Tissue do for energy in the fast cycle?

A

Increase in TAG degradation providing fatty acids to the liver

31
Q

What does the Muscles do for energy in the fast cycle?

A
  1. Use both fatty acids and ketone bodies
  2. Degrades protein and provides amino acids to liver for gluconeogenesis
32
Q

What does the Brain use for energy in the fast cycle?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Ketone Bodies
33
Q

Fate of Pyruvate Anaerobic

A

Lactate (Lactate dehydrogenase)–>Cori Cycle

34
Q

Fate of Pyruvate Aerobic

A

Acetyl CoA (PDH)–>TCA Cycle

35
Q

3 Irreversible Reactions in Glycolysis

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. PFK-1
  3. Pyruvate kinase
36
Q

2 Substrate Level Phosphorylation in Glycolysis

A
  1. Phosphoglycerate kinase
  2. Pyruvate kinase
37
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

38
Q

Energy of Aerobic Glycolysis

A
  1. Investment 2 ATP
  2. Gain 2 NADH (3 ATP per)
  3. 4 ATP
    TOTAL = 8ATP
39
Q

Energy of Anaerobic Glycolysis

A
  1. Investment 2 ATP
  2. Gain 4 ATP
    TOTAL = 2 ATP
40
Q

Inhibitors of Glycolysis

A
  1. Arsenate
  2. Fluoride
41
Q

Where does complete oxidation of glucose take place?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Skeletal Muscles
42
Q

What is the main source of energy in RBCs?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

43
Q

What is PFK-2

A

Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

44
Q

In the presence of insulin what does PFK-2 do?

A

Activates PFK-1 (glycolysis)

45
Q

In the presence of glucagon what does PFK-2 do?

A

Activates gluconeogenesis

46
Q

What is the link between glycolysis and TCA?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH)

47
Q

What does 2,3-bisphophoglycerate help with?

A

Helps unload oxygen at tissues

48
Q

4 molecules that pyruvate can form

A
  1. Acetyl CoA
  2. Oxaloacetate (CO2)
  3. Alanine (Transamination)
  4. Lactate
49
Q

General Functions of Lipids (6)

A
  1. Structural
  2. Membranes
  3. Energy source (lipids yield more energy)
  4. Energy storage (TGAs)
  5. Insulation
  6. Specialized Fx (hormones, cofactors)
50
Q

What role do membranes play? (4)

A
  1. Enable separation
  2. Selective permeability
  3. Allow organisms to generate energy
  4. Separate incompatible metabolic processes
51
Q

Where does the synthesis of cholesterol take place? (4)

A
  1. LIVER
  2. Adrenal Cortex
  3. Testes
  4. Ovaries
52
Q

What cannot cross a phospholipid bilayer without help?

A

LARGE, CHARGED, POLAR

53
Q

What residues make up Maltose?

A

2 glucose residues
Alpha 1-4
Reducing sugar

54
Q

What resides make up Sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose
Alpha 1,2
Non-reducing sugar

55
Q

What residues make up Lactose?

A

Glucose and Galactose
Beta 1,4
Reducing sugar

56
Q

What makes up Starch?

A

Amylose (10-30%)
Amylopectin (70-90%)

57
Q

What is Amylose?

A

Glucose Homopolysaccharide
Alpha 1,4
Straight chained

58
Q

What is Amylopectin?

A

Glucose Homopolysaccharide
Alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 (branches)
Branches every 25-30 residues

59
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

Glucose Homopolysaccharide
Alpha 1,4 and Alpha 1,6 (branches)
Branches every 8-10 residues

60
Q

What is Cellulose?

A

Linear polysaccharide of glucose
Beta 1,4
Resistant to acid hydrolysis and digestive enzymes

61
Q

What is Chitin?

A

Homopolysaccharide of N-acetylglucosamine
Beta 1,4

62
Q

What is Hyaluronic Acid?

A

Composed of alternating D-glucuronic acid and N-acetyleglucosamine
Beta 1,4 and beta 1,3
Lubricant in synovial fluid

63
Q

What are Chondroitins?

A

Alternating disaccharide of Glucoronate and N-acetylgalactosamine
Beta 1,4 and beta 1,3

Biochemistry (15 decks)

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