Biosynthesis of Molecules Derived from Amino Acids Flashcards
Biosynthesis of heme precursor: _______
Protoporphyrin
Synthesis of protoporphyrin is complex and involves ____ steps.
Six
_______ are a foup of genetic disease in which specific ________ accumulate in the erythrocytes, body fluids, and the liver.
- Porphyrias
- Porphyrin precursors
Protoporphyrin biosynthesis is regulated by heme containing protein-products such as _________ and _________.
Hemoglobin & cytochrome
Genetic defects in the synthesis of protoporphyrin leads to the accumulation of porphyrin intermediates. These genetic diseases are known as _______.
Porphyrias
In a porphyrias that affects the RBC, an abnormal isomer of _________ is accumulated in RBC. This causes the urine to turn red, teeth to fluoresce in UV light and skin show abnormal sensitivity to sunlight.
Protoporphyrin
Degradation of heme yields ______, which causes ______ in excess.
- Bilirubin
- Jaundice
Sythesis of creatine and phosphocreatine, which is an alternate energy reservoir in muscle.
Two step biosynthesis of Glutathione (GSH)
Glutathione peroxidase-catalyzed neutralization of peroxides
Glutathione as a substrate for metabolism of toxic peroxides
Glutathione S-Transferase-catalyzed Conjugation of CDNB to GSH
Glutathione as a substrate for metabolism of toxic electrophiles
Some bacteria use D-isomers of amino acids for their cell wall structure. ______ converts L-alanine to D-alanine.
Alanine Racemase
Aromatic amino acid are important for plant growth. Phenylalanine and tyrosine are precursor for ______. Tryptophan yields _____, An important regulatory molecule in plants.
- Lignin
- Auxin
Aromatic amino acids are also for many commercial products: _______ such as morphine and ________ such as cinnamon oil, vanilla, etc.
- Alkaloids
- Flavoring
Biosynthesis of GABA
Biosynthesis of Dopamine
Underproduction of dopamine causes _________. Overproduction of Dopamine in brain causes ________ such as ________.
- Parkinson’s disease
- Psychological disorders such as Schizophrenia
Biosynthesis of Epinephrine
Biosynthesis of Histamine
Histamine is ________. It is released in large amounts in response to _________. Histamine production also stimulates __________ in the stomach.
- Vasodilator
- Allergic reactions
- Acid secretion
_______ is an structural analog of Histamine and therefore works as histamine receptor antagonist.
Tagamet
Biosynthesis of Serotonin
The serotoninergic system is known to modulate _____, ______, ______, and ______ and thus is implicated in the control of numerous behavioral and physiological functions.
Mood, emotion, sleep and appetite
Low levels of Serotonin are believed to cause ______ and ______. Some medications help relieve the symptoms by increasing the available supply of _______ in the brain
- Depression and anxiety
- Serotonin
