Biosynthesis of Molecules Derived from Amino Acids

Question 1

Biosynthesis of heme precursor: _______

Answer 1

Protoporphyrin

Question 2

Synthesis of protoporphyrin is complex and involves ____ steps.

Answer 2

Six

Question 3

_______ are a foup of genetic disease in which specific ________ accumulate in the erythrocytes, body fluids, and the liver.

Answer 3

• Porphyrias
• Porphyrin precursors

Question 4

Protoporphyrin biosynthesis is regulated by heme containing protein-products such as _________ and _________.

Answer 4

Hemoglobin & cytochrome

Question 5

Genetic defects in the synthesis of protoporphyrin leads to the accumulation of porphyrin intermediates. These genetic diseases are known as _______.

Answer 5

Porphyrias

Question 6

In a porphyrias that affects the RBC, an abnormal isomer of _________ is accumulated in RBC. This causes the urine to turn red, teeth to fluoresce in UV light and skin show abnormal sensitivity to sunlight.

Answer 6

Protoporphyrin

Question 7

Degradation of heme yields ______, which causes ______ in excess.

Answer 7

• Bilirubin
• Jaundice

Question 8

Sythesis of creatine and phosphocreatine, which is an alternate energy reservoir in muscle.

Answer 8

Question 9

Two step biosynthesis of Glutathione (GSH)

Answer 9

Question 10

Glutathione peroxidase-catalyzed neutralization of peroxides

Answer 10

Glutathione as a substrate for metabolism of toxic peroxides

Question 11

Glutathione S-Transferase-catalyzed Conjugation of CDNB to GSH

Answer 11

Glutathione as a substrate for metabolism of toxic electrophiles

Question 12

Some bacteria use D-isomers of amino acids for their cell wall structure. ______ converts L-alanine to D-alanine.

Answer 12

Alanine Racemase

Question 13

Aromatic amino acid are important for plant growth. Phenylalanine and tyrosine are precursor for ______. Tryptophan yields _____, An important regulatory molecule in plants.

Answer 13

• Lignin
• Auxin

Question 14

Aromatic amino acids are also for many commercial products: _______ such as morphine and ________ such as cinnamon oil, vanilla, etc.

Answer 14

• Alkaloids
• Flavoring

Question 15

Biosynthesis of GABA

Answer 15

Question 16

Biosynthesis of Dopamine

Answer 16

Question 17

Underproduction of dopamine causes _________. Overproduction of Dopamine in brain causes ________ such as ________.

Answer 17

• Parkinson’s disease
• Psychological disorders such as Schizophrenia

Question 18

Biosynthesis of Epinephrine

Answer 18

Question 19

Biosynthesis of Histamine

Answer 19

Question 20

Histamine is ________. It is released in large amounts in response to _________. Histamine production also stimulates __________ in the stomach.

Answer 20

• Vasodilator
• Allergic reactions
• Acid secretion

Question 21

_______ is an structural analog of Histamine and therefore works as histamine receptor antagonist.

Answer 21

Tagamet

Question 22

Biosynthesis of Serotonin

Answer 22

Question 23

The serotoninergic system is known to modulate _____, ______, ______, and ______ and thus is implicated in the control of numerous behavioral and physiological functions.

Answer 23

Mood, emotion, sleep and appetite

Question 24

Low levels of Serotonin are believed to cause ______ and ______. Some medications help relieve the symptoms by increasing the available supply of _______ in the brain

Answer 24

• Depression and anxiety
• Serotonin