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Adv Biochem > Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides > Flashcards

Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides Flashcards

1
Q

General structure of nucleotide

A
  • Phosphate
  • Purine or pyrimidine base
  • Pentose
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2
Q

Purines & Characteristics

A
  • Adenine and Guanine
  • Double ring
  • Attaches 1-9
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3
Q

Pyrimidines & Characteristics

A
  • Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
  • Single ring
  • Attaches 1-1
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4
Q

Two pathways of nucleotide biosynthesis

A
  1. De novo pathway
  2. Salvage pathway
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5
Q

5 precursors of Purine Ring biosynthesis

A
  • Aspartate
  • CO2
  • Glycine
  • Formate
  • Amide N of glutamine
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6
Q

Synthesis of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP)

A
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7
Q

The first (rate limiting) reaction of purine biosynthesis

A
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8
Q

Building of the purine ring starts on the ribonucleotide (step 2)

A
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9
Q

Completion of five-membered ring after 5 steps

A
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10
Q

The six membered ring is built on the five-membered ring

A
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11
Q

______ is also a by-product of histidine biosynthesis.

A

AICAR

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12
Q

Inosinate (IMP) is synthesized after 10 steps and is a precursor for _____ and ____.

A

AMP and GMP

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13
Q

Biosynthesis of AMP

A
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14
Q

Biosynthesis of GMP

A
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15
Q

Regulation of AMP IMP biosynthesis

A
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16
Q

Pyrimidine biosyntheis requires _____, _____, and ______.

A
  • Aspartate
  • PRPP
  • Carbomoyl phosphate
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17
Q

Carbamoyl phosphate is synthesized from ____ and ____ by ___________.

A
  • CO2 and NH4+
  • Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
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18
Q

Pyrimidine biosynthesis

A
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19
Q

_____ and ____ regulate the activity of aspartate transcarbamoylase.

A

ATP and CTP

20
Q

Reaction that converts nucleoside monophosphate to nucleoside diphosphate.

A
21
Q

Reaction that converts nucleoside monophosphate to nucleoside diphosphate and is specific for base but nonspecific for sugar.

A
22
Q

Reaction that converts nucleoside diphosphate to nucleoside triphosphate and is NOT specific for bases or sugar.

A
23
Q

Reduction of NDP to dNDP is carried out by _________.

A

Ribonucleotide Reductase

24
Q

At the primary regulatory sites, ribonucleotide reductase is activated by ______ and inhibited by _______.

A
  • ATP
  • dATP
25
Q

At the substrate specificity sites, ribonucleotide reductase is inhibited by _____ which CDP, UDP, and GDP are the substrates and _____ when UDP is the substrate, and activated by _____ which CDP and UDP are the substrates, _____ when GDP is the substrate, and _____ when ADP is the substrate.

A
  • dGTP
  • dTTP
  • (d)ATP
  • dTTP
  • dGTP
26
Q

Source of dTMP synthesis

A
27
Q

Synthesis of dTMP

A
28
Q

Regeneration of THF

A
29
Q

Degradation of AMP

A
30
Q

Degradation of GMP

A
31
Q

High levels of uric acid causes ____.

A

Gout

32
Q

______, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, helps in relieving gout related pain.

A

Allopurinol

33
Q

Action of Allopurinol in inhibition of uric acid formation

A
34
Q

Genetic defects in purine metabolism enzymes can cause serious problems. For example, ________ deficiency causes immunodeficiency diseases through poor development of T and B lymphocytes, which are crucial to the immune system.

A

Adenosine deaminase

35
Q

How adenosine deaminase deficiency works

A

1: Lack of adenosine deaminase leads to extremely high concentration of dATP
2: High dATP leads to general deficiency in the levels of all the dNTPs.

36
Q

Catabolism of Thymine

A
37
Q

Salvage pathway of Nucleotide biosynthesis using Adenine

A
38
Q

Salvage pathway of nucleotide biosynthesis using Hypoxanthine and Guanine

A
39
Q

Genetically-related lack of _____ causes _____ syndrome and serious problems. It affects children, mostly male, and after 2 years are found to be mentally retarded, badly coordinated, extremely hostile, and show compulsive self-mutilating tendencies.

A
  • HGPRT
  • Lesch-Nyhan
40
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome affects the brain, which depends heavily on ________.
_____ levels are highest in the brain and ______ levels are low in brain.

A
  • Salvage pathways
  • HGPRT
  • Glutamine-PRPP-amidotransferase
41
Q

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome patients have high levels of _____ due to ______ deficiency which causes ______ pain.

A
  • Uric acid
  • HGPRT
  • Gout-related
42
Q

Allopurinol, an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, helps in relieving gout-related pain. It however, does not help in alleviating the ___________of the disease.

A

Neurological expressions

43
Q

Inhibitors of _______ are cancer treatment drugs since nucleotide biosynthesis requires nitrogen from glutamine at six different steps, facilitated by the action of this enzyme.

A

Glutamine amidotransferase

44
Q

Inhibitors of glutamine amidotransferase

A
  • Glutamine
  • Azaserine
  • Acivicin
45
Q

Inhibitors of thymidylate synthase

A
46
Q

Inhibition mechanism of Thymidylate Synthase is an example of ______ or ______ based inhibition.

A

Suicidal or mechanism

47
Q

Inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase

A

Adv Biochem (6 decks)

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