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Step 2 CK > Biostats/Other > Flashcards

Biostats/Other Flashcards

1
Q

When to use a chi-square test for measuring statistical associations? What about z-tests, t-tests and ANOVA?

A

Categorical data = chi-square

2 means = t and z tests

3+ means = ANOVA

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2
Q

What does a hazard ratio represent?

A

Event rate in treatment group compared to comparison group

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3
Q

Cluster analysis

A

Study randomization occurs at the group level, not the individual level

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4
Q

False positive ratio

A

1 - specificity

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5
Q

False negative ratio

A

1 - sensitivity

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6
Q

Study population alters behavior because they know they are being observed

A

Hawthorne effect

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7
Q

What does power represent?

A

The ability of a study to identify a statistically significant difference between 2 groups

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8
Q

Number needed to treat

A

Absolute risk reduction = incidence in comparison group - incidence in treatment group.

NNT = 1/ARR

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9
Q

Susceptibility bias

A

A form of selection bias where a treatment regimen depends on the severity of their disease and is not randomized

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10
Q

Method of characterizing exposure-disease association in case-control trials

A

Odds ratio = ad/bc

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11
Q

Prevalence

A

Incidence x time

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12
Q

Attributable risk percent

A

(Risk in exposed - risk in unexposed)/risk in exposed

Also = (RR-1)/RR

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13
Q

How can you control for confounding?

A

Matching, restriction and randomization during the study design stage.

Stratification and statistical modeling during the analysis stage.

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14
Q

Requirement for a patient to enter hospice care

A

Prognosis ≤ 6 months

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15
Q

When can you accept nonmonetary gifts from interested third parties?

A

Direct benefit to patient care and of small value

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16
Q

How is benzo intoxication differentiated from opioid intoxication?

A

No pupillary changes or respiratory depression

17
Q

When does shivering decrease in patients with progressive hypothermia? How does treatment vary from stage to stage?

A

Transition from mild (90-95F or 32-35C) to moderate (82-90F or 28-32C) hypothermia.

Mild = passive external rewarming

Moderate = active external rewarming

Severe = active internal rewarming

18
Q

Treatment for ethylene glycol intoxication

A

Fomepizole or ethanol to competitively inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase, preventing formation of toxic oxalic acid and glycolic acid.

19
Q

Antidote for cyanide poisoning

A

Hydroxocobalamin > sodium thiosulfate. If there is no antidote available give nitrites to induce methemoglobinemia.

20
Q

When do you administer sodium bicarb to a patient who overdosed on TCAs?

A

Hypotension, QT prolongation or ventricular arrhythmia.

21
Q

Antidote for organophosphate poisoning?

A

Atropine and pralidoxime are anticholinergics that will decrease parasympathetic stimulation from excess ACh due to organophosphate inhibition of AChE.

22
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome tetrad

A

Autonomic dysfunction, rigidity, fever and mental status changes

23
Q

Type B adverse drug reaction

A

Dose independent. Type A is dose dependent.

24
Q

Drugs used to reverse neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

1) Dantrolene (muscle relaxant). Then bromocriptine and amantadine can be used.

25
Q

Why should patients taking antipsychotics avoid being out in the cold?

A

Antipsychotics, especially 1st generation (fluphenazine) can inhibit the shivering mechanism and cause hypothermia.

26
Q

What is the threshold for giving activated charcoal to a patient who overdosed on TCAs?

A

≤ 2 hours

27
Q

Why do TCAs cause arrhythmias?

A

They inhibit fast Na channels in the His-Purkinje system

28
Q

Management of patient with caustic ingestion?

A

Remove clothes, serial KUB/CXR to r/o perforation +/- gastrograffin in perf is suspected. If no perf, endoscopy within 24 hours.

29
Q

Treatment of salicylate toxicity

A

Alkalinize urine with HCO3

30
Q

Treatment of anticholinergic toxicity?

A

Physostigmine (AChE inhibitor)

31
Q

Treatment of beta-blocker toxicity?

A

Glucagon

Step 2 CK (14 decks)

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