Biostats & biochem Flashcards
If patient want to know chances of not/having some disease= _/_ which varies _/_with pretest probability( AKA _) Sensitivity/specificity are _ values of test. PPV & NPV is affected via _
If patient want to know chances of not/having some disease= NPV/PPV NPV/PPV varies inversely/directly with pretest probability( prevalence) Sensitivity/specificity are intrinsic values of test and don’t PPV & NPV is affected via prevalence.
Aflutter: _ pattern on ECG; target _ isthmus for radioablation cause where reentrant loop is at
Aflutter: sawtooth pattern on ECG; target cavotricuspid isthmus for radioablation cause where reentrant loop is at
WPW is _ wave on ECG and bypass at _ node; findings on ECG
WPW is delta wave and bypass at AV node; findings on ECG
Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia usually from _ ventricular outflow
Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia usually from right ventricular outflow
Afib from pulmonary vein; no _ waves on ECG
Afib from pulmonary vein; no p waves; on ECG
AV nodal reentrant tachy cardia: _ & _ pathway @ AV node ; on ECG _ QRS + _ p waves. ; target _ pathway for ablation
AV nodal reentrant tachy cardia: slow & fast pathway @ AV node ; on ECG narrow QRS + retrograde p waves. ; target slow pathway for ablation
RT-PCR acts on _ to make DNA
RT-PCR acts on mRNA to make DNA( while normal PCR acts on DNA to make DNA)
INH resistance via 2
INH resistance via low catalase-peroxidase or altering binding site on mycolic acid synthesis enzyme.
_ (ethyl the cowgirl) inhibits arabinosyl transferase
Ethambutol(ethyl the cowgirl) inhibits arabinosyl transferase
_ must be converted to active form by bacterial pyrazinamidase
Pyrazinamide must be converted to active form by bacterial pyrazinamidase
TCA overdose: prolong QRS, ventricular arrhythmias and anticholinergics uses _ as antidote.
TCA overdose: prolong QRS, ventricular arrhythmias and anticholinergics uses sodium bicarb as antidote
_ treats acetaminophen overdose
N-acetycystein treats acetaminophen overdose
Benzodiapzepine over dose _ depression
Benzodiapzepine over dose CNS depression
Hypokalemia can cause severe muscle _ and cardiac arrhythmias
Hypokalemia can cause sever muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias
Babesia vrs Malaria: _/ _ rings within rbc
Babesia vrs Malaria: maltese-cross(4) rings/ multiple rings(trophozoites) within rbc
Primaquine required for P. _ + _ since liver hypnozoites( not needed for falciparum)
Primaquine required for P. vivax + ovale since liver hypnozoites( not needed for falciparum)
Atovaquone-proguanil or artemisins for P._ in Africa(S. America + asia) since cloroquine resistant
Atovaquone-proguanil or artemisins for P. falciparum in Africa(S. America + asia) since cloroquine resistant
Treat mycoplasma with _
Treat mycoplasma with macrolides
Pneumocystis pneumonia presents?
Pneumocystis pneumonia presents with interstitial pneumonia in AIDS
Wallenberg syndrome presents?
Wallenberg syndrome presents with PICA( loss pain & temp in ipsi/contra face/body, nystagmus/vertigo, ipsi horner) can occur with vertebral dissection.
SIADH have _volemia hyponatremia
SIADH have euvolemia hyponatremia
Linkage disequilibrium? occurs when
Linkage disequilibrium: heritance allec frequencies more or less often than expected; occurs when genes in close physical proximity
Pleitrophy?
Pleitrophy: one gene with multiple phenotypic manifesttions
Heteroplasmy?
Heteroplasmy is mociasm of mitochondrial genomes
Toxic shock syndrome associated with _+ tampons where superantigens(not processed by APC) _ activated t-cells-> _ mass -> _
Toxic shock syndrome associated with wound packing + tampons where superantigens(not processed by APC) nonspecifically activated t-cells-> cytokine mass -> rash
Treacher-collins syndrome( _ + _ pharyngeal archs disrupted)
Treacher-collins syndrome( 1st & 2nd pharyngeal arch disrupted) Second pharyngeal arch has lesser horn( on top of greater horn)
Second pharyngeal arch has _ horn
Second pharyngeal arch has lesser horn( on top of greater horn)
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in due to defective _which uses _ signaling
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in due to defective CASr which uses cAMP signaling
J_ for erythropoietin, growth hormone and prolactin
JAK/STAT for erythropoietin, growth hormone and prolactin
_ receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone and vitamin D
Intracellular receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone and vitamin D
Epistaxis happens at blood vessels in _ from _ Kiesselbach plexus ( thmodial, sphenopalatine and sup. Labial artery) is most common for injury, To treat _ is best second is cautery
Epistaxis happens at blood vessels in septum; ant. Kiesselbach plexus ( thmodial, sphenopalatine and sup. Labial artery) is most common for injury, to treat compression is best second is cautery
Posterior nose bleed from posterior sphenopalatine artery are too _ for treatment with cautery
Posterior nose bleed from posterior sphenopalatine artery are too sever for treatment with cautery
Meatus sup/mid/inf has = ethmodial + superior/4/ nasolacrimal
Meatus drains sup/mid/inf = sphenoidal, ethmoidal/frontal, maxillary, anterior, polps/ nasolacrimal\
Middle meatus has 3(?) sinuses and _
Middle meatus has frontal, maxillary, anterior sinuses and polyps
Schizoaffective disorder vrs MDD with psychotic ?
Schizoaffective disorder(>2ks of just psychosis) vrs MDD with phsycotic = depressed mood & phsycosis not/must be concurrent
In emphysema diffusion capacity _.
In emphysema diffusion capacity decreased because loose alveoli Surface area
Cyclophosphamide is a _ inhibitor
Cyclophosphamide is a calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxity
_fruit inhibits CYP3A(P450 3A) which metabolizes cyclophosphamide so lead to nephrotoxicity
Graphfruit inhibits CYP3A(P450 3A) which metabolizes cyclophosphamide so lead to nephrotoxicity
Glucocorticoids _ wound healing, and increase _ activity for gluconeogenesis & glycogenesis
Glucocorticoids impair wound healing, and increase liver activity for gluconeogenis & glycogenesis
Shigella _ the mucosa through Mcell then escape phagosome
Shigella invades the mucosa through Mcell then escape phagosome
Salmonella typhi and yersina enterocolitica can prolifereate in _ -> _ can cause psueodappendicitis
Salmonella typhi and yersina enterocolitica can prolifereate in lymphoid tissue; Yersina can cause psueodappendicitis
_ antibiotics cause pill esophagoes
Tetracyclin antibiotics cause pill esophagoes
Synaptophysin stain for _
Synaptophysin stain for neurons
_ activates PNMT to make epinephrine from NE so a pituitary resection -> _ ACTH->_ epinephrine
Corticol activates PNMT to make epinephrine from NE so a pituitary rsecction -> low ACTH->low epinephrine
Lead poisoning inhibits _ + _ so presents with impoverished children, before 19_ housing, _ anemia, hi _ protoporphyrin, neurotoxicity from accumulation
Lead poisoning inhibits ferrochelatase + ALAD( both inside mitcho) so presents with impoverished children, before 1978 housing, sideroblastic anemia, hi zinc protoporphyrin, neurotoxicity from accumulation
Porphobilinogen deaminase (an upper) presents with 3?
Porphobilinogen deaminase(an upper) presents with abdominal pain, neuropsyc symptoms + red/brown urine
AlAS inhib by 2 activated by ?
AlAS inhib by Heme + glucose activated by
_ syndrome Glucuronyl transferase
Gilbert syndrome Glucuronyl transferase
Steroidogenesis begins in _with remainder in sER( produce steroids and detox while rER produces _ homones).
Steroidogenesis begins in mitochondrial with remainder in sER( produce steroids and detox while rER produces peptide homones).
Insulin acts via glycogen _
Insulin acts via glycogen phophatse
Insulin to TK to PL3k/mapK for _/_ function = activate glycogen phosphatase(_ glycogen synthase to activate))/ DNA
Insulin to TK to PL3k/mapK for metabolic/mitogenic function = (glycogen phosphatase(dephos to activate glycogen synthase))/ DNA
Cori disease is 1_ debraching ezyme deficiency presents with _(short outer chains) and hypotonia
Cori disease is 1-6 debraching ezyme deficiency presents with limit dextrins(short outer chains) , hypotonia
Glycogen storage disease are enzymes.
Glycogen storage disease are MPCV from myophosphorylate/lysosomal 1-6 & 1-4 glucosidase/ 1-6 glycosidase/ g6ptase deficiency.
Hers disease is liver version of _( muscle disease)
Hers disease is liver version of Cori( muscle)
Von geike is G6ptase deficiency which affects _ and _ so may presents with lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis
Von geike is G6ptase deficiency which affects liver and kidney; presents with lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis
Pompe is presents with _, hypotonia
Pompe is presents with cardiomegaly , hypotonia
Hi acetyle coa stimulates gluconeogenesis via _
Hi Acetyle coa stimulates gluconeogenesis via Pyruvate carbosylase
Pyruvate makes _/_ via _/_for TCA/gluconeogenisis
Pyruvate makes Acetyl coa / oxalacetae via Pyruvate carboxylase/PDH for TCA/gluconeogenisis
Homocystinuria is _ synthase(need b_) deficiency presents with HOMOC?
Homocystinuria is cystathione synthase(need b6) deficiency presents with HOMOC(homcystien, osteoporosis, marfanoid, ectopia lentis(in & down as opposed to marfan), cardiovas thomobemoblism
Translocases for cytosol to _ transport
Translocases for cytosol to mitochondrial transport
Organophosphates are irrv _inbitiors so lead to cholinergic excess DUMBBELLS treat with _ +muscarinic antagonist
Organophosphates are irrv ACHE inbitiors so lead to cholinergic excess DUMBELS treat with pralidoxime +muscarinic antagonist
Fructose versus other sugars is metabolized the faster or slower?
Fructose versus other sugars is metabolized the fasters because bypases PFK-1
PKU is also presents with decrease CNS(_brain) and skin pallor
PKU is also presents with decrease CNS(catecholaminergic brain) and skin pallor because do not make catecholamines
Hereditary orotic aciduria vrs orinthine transcarbamylase? Treatments 1 vrs 2
Hereditary orotic aciduria presents with megaloblastic anemia, mental retardation,( vrs ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency who have hyperammonia symptoms) treat with uridine
_ prevention is screening techniques
Secondary prevention is screening techniques
_/_/_ rule for 1/2/3standard deviations
68-95-99.7 rule for 1/2/3standard deviations
NNT = 1/ Absolute risk reduction (control event rate - experiment event rates)
RRR = ARR/control rate
RR(how strongly risk factor is associated with outcome) = treatment rate/control rate
1176 Relative risk reduction = RR ( AR control -ARtreatment) / AR control ; recurrence rate= relative risk
NNT = 1/ Absolute risk reduction (control event rate - experiment event rates)
Prevalence is incidence rate * avg disease duration ( so proportional)
Prevalence is incidence rate * avg disease duration ( so proportional)
Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by _ can be reduced via blinding.
Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by prior knowledge/conceptions can be reduced via blinding.
Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by _ can be reduced via blinding.
Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by prior knowledge/conceptions can be reduced via blinding.
Recall bias ?
Recall bias is inaccurate recall
Lead time bias ?
Lead time bias is earlier diagnosis of disease that appears to prolong survival(but not really)
Cross over study design?
Cross over study design: treatment sequences when groups cross over (treatment followed by placebo or placebo followed by treatment at first then switch)
Cross sectional study ?
Cross sectional study : exposure and outcome at same time(aka snapshot), ie surveys
Case series vrs case control
Case series is a descriptive study tracking a case vrs case-control( a case cohort and a control cohort)
Accumulation effect: time must pass for clinically _effect to be detected
Accumulation effect: time must pass for clinically significant effect to be detected
Power of a study(ability to detect difference ) = ?
Power of a study(ability to detect difference ) = 1-beta error
Power of study increases 3 !!
Power of study increases with sample size !!
Type I/II error ?
Type I/II erro = alph/beta error = fp/ fn meaning detect difference/ not detect when one actually exist/don’t exist
ANOVA(analysis of variance) and T-test for comparison between ?
ANOVA(analysis of variance) and T-test for comparison between means of 2 or more/ exactly two groups
Meta-analysis?
Meta-analysis is pooling of data for better statistical power
Logistic regression?
Logistic regression( probability of a binary outcome(2 possible outcomes) based on 1 or more variables? Linear regression?
1g protein or carb /fat makes _ Cal of energy.
1 4/9 =
Kreb cycle enzymes? NAD/ GTP/ FAD @ 2/ 1/ 1 step
Kreb cycle enzymes: citrate is krebs starting substrate for making oxaloacetate( citrate isocitrate, fumerate, malate, oxaloacetate NAD/ GTP/ FAD @ I &M/ S-coa/ Sucinate step
Glutathione reductase uses NADPH and _ to minimize_ damage
Glutathione reductase uses NADPH and FAD to minimize oxidativee damage
Succinate dehydrogenase complex of TCA also part of electron transport chain( complex _) which uses _(aka_ B_) to produce _
Succinate dehydrogenase complex of TCA also part of electron transport chain( complex 2) which uses FAD(riboflavin, B2) to produce FADH
Ribolflavin(B2 deficiency) presents ?
Ribolflavin(B2 deficiency) presents with glossitis, stomatitis, cheliosis
On bell curves of diseased and non diseased states: what is the distribution? ! Cut off points determine _ or _ test: dec cutoff point does?.
Cut off points determine positive or negative test: dec cutoff point decrease FN but inc False positive.
Sensitivity is what? equaiton
Sensitivity = TP/(TP + FN) ability to identify disease; Specificity – TN(TN + FP) ability to exclude those without disease
Sensitivity/specificity proportional to
Sensitivity proportional to TP while specificity is proportional to TN
Specificity is what? equation
Specificity – TN(TN + FP) ability to exclude those without disease
Statistical significace via 2 methods: ?
Statistical significace via 2 methods: if 95% confidence interval does not cross null value(typic 1) which corresponds to p-value < .05 : so %confidence interval + % p-value(probability of a response due to chance alone) = 100%
Odds Ratio is what? equation
Odds Ratio(strength of association between exposure and outcome) = ad/bc = (a/b)/(c/d) on contingency table
Vit _ deficiency also presents with elevated methylmalonic acid & homocysteine due to decreased metabolisim
Vit B12 deficiency also presents with elevated methylmalonic acid & homocysteine due to decreased metabolisim
_ deficiency affects erythrocyte transketolase
Thiamine deficiency affects erythrocyte transketolase
How does phenyleephrine signal tranduction?
Phenylephrine bind a1 which activates PLC->DAG/IP3(via ca)->PKC
Southwestern blotting detects _ such as transciption factors( _), nucleases and histones. It uses _ as probe.
Southwestern blotting detects DNA-binding proteins such as transciption factors( c-jun/fos), nucleases and histones. It uses dsDNA as probe.
Bloom syndrome: ?
Bloom syndrome: mutation in BLM gene encoding helicase presents with growth retardation, facial anomalies, photosensitivity, immunodeficiency
Amatoxins ( in mushroms) inhibit _ ( so especially deadly in cells with _(2)) present with _-like diarrhea with abd pain, vomit
Amatoxins ( in mushroms) inhibit RNAPoly 2 ( expecially deadly in cells with rapid turnover-liver & prox tubules of kidney) present with cholera-like diarrhea with abd pain, vomit
Eukaryotic Poly 3 makes trna, _
Eukaryotic Poly 3 makes trna, 5srRBNA
Ricin( castor oil toxin) inhib _S
Ricin( castor oil toxin) inhib eukaryaevens 60S
Attrition bias( ?) is a form of _ bias
ttrition bias( disproportional/ nonrandom lose of follow up between groups ) is a form of selection
_ disease (_ deficiency presents with exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, myoglobinuria )
McArdle disease (Myophosphrylase deficiency presents with exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, myoglobinuria )
Muscle lack _ so no gluconeogenesis
Muscle lack g6ptase so no gluconeogenesis
Base excision repair ?
Base excision repair GEL-Please ( glycosylase removes defective base(AP site) then endonuclease cleave 5’ then lyase cleave 3’ the DNApoly and ligase
Nitrates deaminate cytosine, adenine and guanine to form ?
Nitrates deaminate cytosine, adenine and guanine to form uracil hypoxantine and xanthine
Urea cycle ?
Urea cycle Ordinarily Careless Crapers Are Also Fivolous About Urination = orinthine carbomylphosphate citruline aspartate arginine fumurate arginine urea where Carbomy + aspartate enter and fumurate urea produced.
What is the main AA to despose of Nitrogen frome peripheral tissues?
Alanine transfers nitrogen to akG in liver (then liver catabolism of protein amino group given to to make glutamate then to ammonia(NH3) then urea cycle.
What does Alanine transfer nitrogen to while in the liver?
Alanine transfers nitrogen to akG in liver (then liver catabolism of protein amino group given to to make glutamate then to ammonia(NH3) then urea cycle.
2-sample t-test/chi-square/meta-anlysis/linear regression/ correlation coefficent= ?
2-sample t-test/chi-square/meta-anlysis/linear regression/ correlation coefficent= compare means/ compare observed & expected outcomes/ pool statistical data/ trend line/ direction & strenght of relationship via one number
Highly lipophilic drugs redistributed: ( 3 phase)
Highly lipophilic drugs redistributed: initially to highflow(rapid onset) then to less blood flow(short duration of action) then elimation by liver
TATA(_ bp) and CAAT promote transcription by allowing TF & RNA poly2 to bind
TATA and CAAT ( @ 25 & 75bp form TSS)promote transcription by allowing TF & RNA poly2 to bind
Capitation: predetermined _ fee for all services (pay structure for _ where _within group)
Capitation: predetermined fixed fee for all services (pay structure for HMO where restricted within group)
Global payment (a capitation of an _ of care)
Global payment (a capitation of an incident of care)
MDR, enteric organism, scabies precautions: nonsteril gloves and gown + _ (with soap and water for C. diff) + private room preferred. Facemask/n95 mask for short/_ period droplets
MDR, enteric organism, scabies precautions: nonsteril gloves and gown + handwashing (with soap and water for C. diff) + private room preferred. Facemask/n95 mask for short/long period droplets
Drug kinetics graph: 1st/ zero order = ?
Drug kinetics graph: 1st/ zero order = constant rate dependent on serum conc/ amount independent of conc
If someone wants to do abortion?
If someone wants to do abortion? Provide them with resources of providers
What is used to estimate pop mean if with sample data? Normally Cl= mean +- 1.96* SD with pop data but if using sample date to estimate pop, Cl = mean +- 1.96*(SD/squareroot of n).
What is used to estimate pop mean if with sample data? Normally Cl= mean +- 1.96* SD with pop data but if using sample date to estimate pop, Cl = mean +- 1.96*(SD/squareroot of n).
How to diagnose tetanus?
How to diagnose tetanus? Clinical
Membrane potential determined by ions ( if neg, permeable to _ ion)
.Membrane potential determined by ions ( if neg, permeable to neg ion) and if pos permeable to pos ioin
G6pDH presents? Genetics? Rxn? _-recss. does g_p to phospho_conate Von Geirke presents? 1-_ is the braching enzme
G6pDH presents? Genetics? Rxn? X-recss. Hemolytic anemia(dark urine) during increased oxidative stress; g6p to phosphogluconate 1-6 for b
NNH means? 1/absolute risk increase between groups( calculate via adverse event rate); means number of people to treat to before 1 adverse event. NNT mean?
1231NNH means? 1/absolute risk increase between groups( calculate via adverse event rate); means number of people to treat to before 1 adverse event. NNT mean?
What ezymes helps produce ketones and glucouse during starvation?
What ezymes helps produce ketones and glucouse during starvation? Hormone senitve lipase in adipose tissue( TG->glycelol/ FFA -> gluco/ketogenesis in liver cell
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy/galactosemia is what type of mutatin? Mitcho and aut recess;
1728Leber hereditary optic neuropathy/galactosemia is what type of mutatin? Mitcho and aut recess; reading pedigrees( determine dorm(parent will be affected) or recess then determine aut(M & F affected) or sexual link
If measurement in reference range?
If measurement in reference range? Accurate
Incidence = new cases/pop at risk
Incidence = new cases/pop at risk
Alanine/glutamine form muscle/all else for nitrogenous waste : In brian-> hi glutamine, low glutamate-> disruption of excitatory neurotransmission
Alanine/glutamine form muscle/all else for nitrogenous waste : In brian-> hi glutamine, low glutamate-> disruption of excitatory neurotransmission
Fragile X due to FMRI gene _methylation and inactivation due to CGG repeats.
Fragile X due to FMRI gene hypermethylation and inactivation due to CGG repeats.
Biotin deficiency assoc with what food? What ezyme & presents as? Egg _( avidin) ; B7, carboxylase(ie _) with mad, dermatitis,
Biotin deficiency assoc with what food? What ezyme & presents as? Egg white( avidin) ; carboxylase(ie PC) with mad, dermatitis,
Cricothyrotomy for? Insion goes through(3)? Last resort Intubation; incision through fascia, pretracheal fascia and cricothyroid membrane
Cricothyrotomy for? Insion goes through(3)? Last resort Intubation; incision through fascia, pretracheal fascia and cricothyroid membrane
Cyanide toxicity Present?Treat(3)?
Cyanide toxicity Present? red blood(nitroprusside sketch) Treat(3)? Colbalamin(colbalt), nitrite and thiosulfate ( via binding ions, induce methemoglobinemia, detoxify )
Ondansetron ?
Ondansetron ? anti-emetic after chemo;
Dexrazoxane?
Dexrazoxane? For Doxorubicin cardiotocity
Mot adverse drug reactions are? predictable(most)/nonpredictable( genes, immune or idiosyncratic)
Mot adverse drug reactions are? predictable(most)/nonpredictable( genes, immune or idiosyncratic)
1176 Relative risk reduction = RR ( AR control -ARtreatment) / AR control ; recurrence rate= relative risk
Holoproencephaly is due to _ effect(?): Deformations/associations/dysplasia= ?
Holoproencephaly is due to field effect(?): multiple malformations secondary to embryonic disturbance; Deformations/associations/dysplasia= external cause(developmental dysplasia of hip)/ without unifying cause(vactrel)/ mal organization(osteogeneisis imperfecta)
_syndrome presentation: protruding tongue, excessive skin at nape of neck, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal fold, _tonia &; weak _ reflex ; with trisomy or robersonian translocation of 21.
Down syndrome presentation: protruding tongue, excessive skin at nape of neck, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal fold, hypotonia & weak moro reflex ; with trisomy or robersonian translocation of 21.
Digeorge present with ?
Digeorge present with (velo cardiac defects) hypertelorisim,cleft,
_ + ataxia +_ infections – ataxia-telangiectasia ( DNA break nonhomo repair) is radiation induced cerrebella atrophy.
Radiation + ataxia + sinopulmonary infections – ataxia-telangiectasia ( DNA pyrimidine dimers) is radiation induced cerrebella atrophy.
Pharmacokinectics: drugs with high lipohilic have _ Vd due to _ tissue penetration so _elimination via _
Pharmacokinectics: drugs with high lipohilic have _ Vd due to _ tissue penetration so _elimination via _ Durgs with high lipohilic have high vd due to high tissue penetration so hepatic elim via bile.
If more in blood(hydrophilic) less volume distribution so_ elimination.
If more in blood(hydrophilic) less volume distribution so renal elimination.
_drug lengthen QT interval(lengthen _-wave on QRS) not does not cause torsades.
_drug lengthen QT interval(lengthen _-wave on QRS) not does not cause torsades. Amiodarone
Probability of independent events all happening multiple: probablitiy of at least 1 turning out differently ( 1-P)
Probability of independent events all happening multiple: probablitiy of at least 1 turning out differently ( 1-P)
What corelates to potency of inhaled anesthetic _ correlates to MAC? Blood/gas coefficient _corresponds to solubility inversely corresponded to onset of action.
What corelates to potency of inhaled anesthetic Inversely correlates to MAC? Blood/gas coefficient directly corresponds to solubility inversely corresponded to onset of action.
Positive skew means? So mean median mode shift? _ is shifted positively(R) so mean _ mode shifted to (L)
Positive skew means? So mean median mode shift? Tail is shifted positively(R) so mean median mode shifted to (L)
Hepatic angiosarcomas marker? Associated with _ exposures?(3) CD31=PECAM, carcinogens: PVC(plastic), arsenic(pesticides), thorotrast(radiation)
Hepatic angiosarcomas marker? Associated with _ exposures? CD31=PECAM, carcinogens: PVC(plastic), arsenic(pesticides), thorotrast(radiation)
Pharmacokinetics E( e for _)fficacy? Potency?
Pharmacokinetics Efficacy? Potency? Max effect; O for50 :Concetration at which 50% effect( ED50: does at which effect in 50 pop)
Tuberosclerosis/VHL tumors in kidney renal angio_lipoma/ RCC
Tuberosclerosis/VHL tumors in kidney renal angiomyolipoma/ RCC
Paroxymsmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria receptors? If hemolysis of RBC see in kidney?
Paroxymsmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria receptors? If hemolysis of RBC see in kidney? DAF(CD55), Hematuria or hemosiderois (Cast nephropathy is seen in Multiple myloma )
Carvenous hemangiomas? Intrapraenchymal vascular malformation-> h_ & s_
Carvenous hemangiomas? Intracranial parencymal vascular malformation-> hemorrhage & seizures
Draw the table? Sp, sens? TN, TP TN = Sp * (# of patients w/o disease) FP = (1-sp)*(# of patient without disease)
Draw the table? Sp, sens? TN, TP TN = Sp * (# of patients w/o disease) FP = (1-sp)*(# of patient without disease)
Site mark for lumbar puncture?
Site mark for lumbar puncture? Illac crest(L4)
Effect modification vrs confounding?
Effect modification vrs confounding? Difference/no differences in strata
Cytoplasmic p bodies:
Cytoplasmic p bodies: store mrna
Where is best to do caterization of femoral artery?
Where is best to do caterization of femoral artery? Inf because if superior might cause retroperitoneal bleeds.
1l-6 stimulates _ reactions.
1l-6 stimulates acute phase reactions.
Aplastic(Fanconi) vrs parvovirus anemia
Aplastic(Fanconi) vrs parvovirus anemia All(absent thumbs) vrs erythrocytes only.
Rhinovirus/CMV attach via
Rhinovirus/CMV attach via icam/integrin
Drug kinetics? Vd equation.
Drug kinetics? Vd equation.
Transamination rxn? Cofactor?
Transamination rxn? Cofactor? Transfer amino group from AA to a-Keto acid; B6 in transamination & decarboxylation rxn
Complementary sequences align in antiparallel fashion.
Complementary sequences align in antiparallel fashion( 5-3 binds 3-to 5)
Stop codons(3)
Stop codons: UGA, UAA, UAG
Calculate dosing interval ? 1714 Time for _ of drug to be eliminated is 1/2/3/4/5 half lifes.
Calculate dosing interval ? 1714 Time for 0/50/75/88/94/97 of drug to be eliminated is 1/2/3/4/5 half lifes.
Vit D making? Skin->liver->kidney makes Cholecalciferol ->_ ->1,25
Vit D making? Skin->liver->kidney makes Cholecalciferol ->25 ->1,25
Naicin deficiency presents? Used in? Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, TCA cycle things( dR)
Naicin deficiency presents? Used in? Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, TCA cycle things( dehydrogenases & reductases)
PAS stains for?
PAS stains for? Polysaccharides (add diastase for glycogen stain)
Frutose metabolism essential frutosuria = frutokinase(bening, copper reduction test _ glucose osidase)-> heriditary frutose intolerance ->_( accumulation) enz deficiency
Frutose metabolism essential frutosuria -> heriditary frutose intolerance = frutokinase(bening, copper reduction test + glucose osidase)->aldolase B( accumulation) enz deficiency
Galactose metabolism frutose/galactose due to _/_
Galactose metabolism essential galactouria ->classic galactosemia = galactokinase (bening, cataracts) -> GALT(jaundice) frutose/galactose = juices/ breastfeeding
Glycogen storage disease von geirke vrs mcardle?
Glycogen storage disease
Lipid storage disease Fabry: a-galactosidase A deficient; angiokeratomas
Niemann-Pick= sphingomyelinase Tay-Sachs/ Gaucher/ Fabry/ Krabbe/ metachromatic leukodystrophy
Lipid storage disease Fabry: a-galactosidase A deficient; angiokeratomas
PKU: present with?
PKU: musty order , recessive ( gait + posture abnl + eczema)
Fasting processes!
glycogenolysis( 1_day) ->gluconeogeneis ->fat metabolism= 3 by pass?
Fasting processes! glycogenolysis( 1 day) ->gluconeogeneis ->fat metabolism= HK, PFK, Pk bypassed by PC + PEPCK, F1,2BP, G6PT
fatty acid synthesis/b-oxidation = cytoplasm/ mitochondria so_ must mediate
carnitein deficiency=hypoketotic hypoglycemia
mcad deficiency = hypoketotic hypoglycemia with fast?
fatty acid synthesis/b-oxidation = cytoplasm/ mitochondria so carnitine must mediate carnitein deficiency=hypoketotic hypoglycemia mcad deficiency = hypoketotic hypoglycemia with fast?
Wernicke encepahlopathy: if alcoholic( low thiamine + inc NADH/NAD ratio so puts stress on TCA cycle), _ + _ need thiamine so if give glucose first, decrease thiamine even more-> cell injury
Wernicke encepahlopathy: if alcoholic( low thiamine + inc NADH/NAD ratio so puts stress on TCA cycle), PDH + aKG need thiamine so if give glucose first, decrease thiamine even more-> cell injury
steroids cause of neutrophils: other side effects?
steroids cause demargination of neutrophils: other side effects?
Maple syrup disease: branched chain(LIV) a-ketoacid dehydrogenase needs (1,2,3 and _ & _)
Maple syrup disease: branched chain(LIV) a-ketoacid dehydrogenase needs Thiamine, LIpoate, coenzyme A, FAD, NAD( Tender Loving Care for Nancy)
If phenotypically normal parents, Probability that a female sibling of a male affected by an x-linked _ disease will give birth to an affected child is 1/8
If phenotypically normal parents, Probability that a female sibling of a male affected by an x-linked recessive disease will give birth to an affected child is 1/8
Wiskitt-aldrich syndrome: triad of _ (enzema + thrombovytopenia) & immonodeficiency due to Gene. Wasp immonoglobins: Ige&a _
Wiskitt-aldrich syndrome: triad of bleeding (enzema + thrombovytopenia) & immonodeficiency due to Gene. Wasp immonoglobins: Ige&a increased
Chediak-Higashi traid of (_ + _) & immunodifiecncy defect in neutrophil phagolysome lysosome _
Chediak-Higashi traid of (neuro + albinsim) & immunodifiecncy defect in neutrophil phagolysome lysosome fusion
Henoch-Schonlein(3): children, rash(_ + _deposits(like PSN)) + abd pain + polyarthralgia
Henoch-Schonlein(3): children, rash(IGA + C3 deposits(like PSGN)) + abd pain + polyarthralgia
Interferons are only active in the present of _Rna
Interferons are only active in the present of dsRna
. type 4 reactions: contact hypersensitivity(poison ivy, poison oak) + 2 tests
. type 4 reactions: contact hypersensitivity(poison ivy, poison oak) + 2 tests
. anaphyaxis vrs atopy! = first/subsequent exposures?
. anaphyaxis vrs atopy! = first/subsequent exposures?
Urtica+ serum sickness + Arthus reaction: type _( after 24 hrs does timeline matter) happens after dtap toxoid vaccine ag react with preexisting antibodies.- due to bosters
Urtica+ serum sickness + Arthus reaction: type 3( after 24 hrs does timeline matter) happens after dtap toxoid vaccine ag react with preexisting antibodies.- due to bosters?! dif b/t urtica & contact hypersens?!
Motocycle accident-> spleen rather than liver damage-> _(because no t-cell effect so immunity only via splenic macros that produce most of the opsonizing IgG) bacterial rather than complement production is compromised
Motocycle accident-> spleen rather than liver damage-> encapsulated(because no t-cell effect so immunity only via splenic macros that produce most of the opsonizing IgG) bacterial rather than complement production is compromised
WaSP/CGD & Cediak-hig = B, T/ neutrophilic abnl = W-A syndrome: X-immuno difficiency(b &T) + enzema + thombocytopenia ;
WAPs WATER Chediak-Higashi = immune difficiency (neurtophil) + albinisim + neuro abnl , LYST ; problem with neutrophil phagosome + lysosome fusion due to microtubule prob -> giant _
CGD disease: low napd oxidae so catalase + orgs, NBT/ DHR test = less _/_
WaSP/CGD & Cediak-hig = B, T/ neutrophilic abnl = W-A syndrome: X-immuno difficiency(b &T) + enzema + thombocytopenia ; WAPs WATER Chediak-Higashi = immune difficiency (neurtophil) + albinisim + neuro abnl , LYST ; problem with neutrophil phagosome + lysosome fusion due to microtubule prob -> giant inclusions CGD disease: low napd oxidae so catalase + orgs, NBT/ DHR test = fail to turn blue/ less green color
less blue/less greene
Myeloperoxidase (for intracelluar killing vrs oxidative burst) defiency is clinically _ .
Myeloperoxidase (for intracelluar killing vrs oxidative burst?) defiency is clinically silent .
Mast + basophil/eosionophils mediate _/late phase type 1 hypersensitiy via histamine + cellular chemotaxis /_ & major basic protein for _/parasitic infection
Mast + basophil/eosionophils mediate immediate/late phase type 1 hypersensitiy for histamine + cellular chemotaxis /ADCC & major basic protein for allergy/parasitic infection
Delayed type 4 hypersensitiviy reaction is _ cells + _.
Delayed type 4 hypersensitiviy reaction is CD4 cells + macrophages ( candida & tb test)
transplant rejection: hyper/acute/chronic =preformed antibodies/ antibodies/ chronic( 6 mths) inflammation = firinoid necrosis vessels-> organ _/ humoral& cellular / fibrosis & organ _
transplant rejection: hyper/acute/chronic =preformed antibodies/ antibodies/ chronic( 6 mths) inflammation = firinoid necrosis vessels-> organ cyanosis/ humoral& cellular / fibrosis & organ atrophy
leukotriene C4 is for
leukotriene C4 is for constriciton
C3a-5a for anaphylaxis( histamine release from mast cell) with 3a for (2) chemo taxis and 5a for _ chemotaxis
C3a-5a for anaphylaxis( histamine release from mast cell) with 3a for eosin & baso chemo taxis and 5a for all chemotaxis
active transporters are _pases
active transporters are _pases
greater(1ligament ?)/lesser( 2 ligaments?) omentum?
greater(1ligament ?)/lesser( 2 ligaments?) omentum?
reliabilty measures _
reliability measures reproducibility(consistency)
anti _ only crosses placenter!
anti Ig only crosses placenter!
