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Asem > Biostats & biochem > Flashcards

Biostats & biochem Flashcards

1
Q

If patient want to know chances of not/having some disease= _/_ which varies _/_with pretest probability( AKA _) Sensitivity/specificity are _ values of test. PPV & NPV is affected via _

A

If patient want to know chances of not/having some disease= NPV/PPV NPV/PPV varies inversely/directly with pretest probability( prevalence) Sensitivity/specificity are intrinsic values of test and don’t PPV & NPV is affected via prevalence.

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2
Q

Aflutter: _ pattern on ECG; target _ isthmus for radioablation cause where reentrant loop is at

A

Aflutter: sawtooth pattern on ECG; target cavotricuspid isthmus for radioablation cause where reentrant loop is at

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3
Q

WPW is _ wave on ECG and bypass at _ node; findings on ECG

A

WPW is delta wave and bypass at AV node; findings on ECG

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4
Q

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia usually from _ ventricular outflow

A

Idiopathic ventricular tachycardia usually from right ventricular outflow

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5
Q

Afib from pulmonary vein; no _ waves on ECG

A

Afib from pulmonary vein; no p waves; on ECG

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6
Q

AV nodal reentrant tachy cardia: _ & _ pathway @ AV node ; on ECG _ QRS + _ p waves. ; target _ pathway for ablation

A

AV nodal reentrant tachy cardia: slow & fast pathway @ AV node ; on ECG narrow QRS + retrograde p waves. ; target slow pathway for ablation

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7
Q

RT-PCR acts on _ to make DNA

A

RT-PCR acts on mRNA to make DNA( while normal PCR acts on DNA to make DNA)

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8
Q

INH resistance via 2

A

INH resistance via low catalase-peroxidase or altering binding site on mycolic acid synthesis enzyme.

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9
Q

_ (ethyl the cowgirl) inhibits arabinosyl transferase

A

Ethambutol(ethyl the cowgirl) inhibits arabinosyl transferase

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10
Q

_ must be converted to active form by bacterial pyrazinamidase

A

Pyrazinamide must be converted to active form by bacterial pyrazinamidase

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11
Q

TCA overdose: prolong QRS, ventricular arrhythmias and anticholinergics uses _ as antidote.

A

TCA overdose: prolong QRS, ventricular arrhythmias and anticholinergics uses sodium bicarb as antidote

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12
Q

_ treats acetaminophen overdose

A

N-acetycystein treats acetaminophen overdose

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13
Q

Benzodiapzepine over dose _ depression

A

Benzodiapzepine over dose CNS depression

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14
Q

Hypokalemia can cause severe muscle _ and cardiac arrhythmias

A

Hypokalemia can cause sever muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias

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15
Q

Babesia vrs Malaria: _/ _ rings within rbc

A

Babesia vrs Malaria: maltese-cross(4) rings/ multiple rings(trophozoites) within rbc

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16
Q

Primaquine required for P. _ + _ since liver hypnozoites( not needed for falciparum)

A

Primaquine required for P. vivax + ovale since liver hypnozoites( not needed for falciparum)

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17
Q

Atovaquone-proguanil or artemisins for P._ in Africa(S. America + asia) since cloroquine resistant

A

Atovaquone-proguanil or artemisins for P. falciparum in Africa(S. America + asia) since cloroquine resistant

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18
Q

Treat mycoplasma with _

A

Treat mycoplasma with macrolides

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19
Q

Pneumocystis pneumonia presents?

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia presents with interstitial pneumonia in AIDS

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20
Q

Wallenberg syndrome presents?

A

Wallenberg syndrome presents with PICA( loss pain & temp in ipsi/contra face/body, nystagmus/vertigo, ipsi horner) can occur with vertebral dissection.

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21
Q

SIADH have _volemia hyponatremia

A

SIADH have euvolemia hyponatremia

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22
Q

Linkage disequilibrium? occurs when

A

Linkage disequilibrium: heritance allec frequencies more or less often than expected; occurs when genes in close physical proximity

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23
Q

Pleitrophy?

A

Pleitrophy: one gene with multiple phenotypic manifesttions

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24
Q

Heteroplasmy?

A

Heteroplasmy is mociasm of mitochondrial genomes

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25
Q

Toxic shock syndrome associated with _+ tampons where superantigens(not processed by APC) _ activated t-cells-> _ mass -> _

A

Toxic shock syndrome associated with wound packing + tampons where superantigens(not processed by APC) nonspecifically activated t-cells-> cytokine mass -> rash

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26
Q

Treacher-collins syndrome( _ + _ pharyngeal archs disrupted)

A

Treacher-collins syndrome( 1st & 2nd pharyngeal arch disrupted) Second pharyngeal arch has lesser horn( on top of greater horn)

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27
Q

Second pharyngeal arch has _ horn

A

Second pharyngeal arch has lesser horn( on top of greater horn)

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28
Q

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in due to defective _which uses _ signaling

A

Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia in due to defective CASr which uses cAMP signaling

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29
Q

J_ for erythropoietin, growth hormone and prolactin

A

JAK/STAT for erythropoietin, growth hormone and prolactin

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30
Q

_ receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone and vitamin D

A

Intracellular receptors for steroid hormones, thyroid hormone and vitamin D

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31
Q

Epistaxis happens at blood vessels in _ from _ Kiesselbach plexus ( thmodial, sphenopalatine and sup. Labial artery) is most common for injury, To treat _ is best second is cautery

A

Epistaxis happens at blood vessels in septum; ant. Kiesselbach plexus ( thmodial, sphenopalatine and sup. Labial artery) is most common for injury, to treat compression is best second is cautery

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32
Q

Posterior nose bleed from posterior sphenopalatine artery are too _ for treatment with cautery

A

Posterior nose bleed from posterior sphenopalatine artery are too sever for treatment with cautery

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33
Q

Meatus sup/mid/inf has = ethmodial + superior/4/ nasolacrimal

A

Meatus drains sup/mid/inf = sphenoidal, ethmoidal/frontal, maxillary, anterior, polps/ nasolacrimal\

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34
Q

Middle meatus has 3(?) sinuses and _

A

Middle meatus has frontal, maxillary, anterior sinuses and polyps

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35
Q

Schizoaffective disorder vrs MDD with psychotic ?

A

Schizoaffective disorder(>2ks of just psychosis) vrs MDD with phsycotic = depressed mood & phsycosis not/must be concurrent

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36
Q

In emphysema diffusion capacity _.

A

In emphysema diffusion capacity decreased because loose alveoli Surface area

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37
Q

Cyclophosphamide is a _ inhibitor

A

Cyclophosphamide is a calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxity

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38
Q

_fruit inhibits CYP3A(P450 3A) which metabolizes cyclophosphamide so lead to nephrotoxicity

A

Graphfruit inhibits CYP3A(P450 3A) which metabolizes cyclophosphamide so lead to nephrotoxicity

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39
Q

Glucocorticoids _ wound healing, and increase _ activity for gluconeogenesis & glycogenesis

A

Glucocorticoids impair wound healing, and increase liver activity for gluconeogenis & glycogenesis

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40
Q

Shigella _ the mucosa through Mcell then escape phagosome

A

Shigella invades the mucosa through Mcell then escape phagosome

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41
Q

Salmonella typhi and yersina enterocolitica can prolifereate in _ -> _ can cause psueodappendicitis

A

Salmonella typhi and yersina enterocolitica can prolifereate in lymphoid tissue; Yersina can cause psueodappendicitis

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42
Q

_ antibiotics cause pill esophagoes

A

Tetracyclin antibiotics cause pill esophagoes

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43
Q

Synaptophysin stain for _

A

Synaptophysin stain for neurons

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44
Q

_ activates PNMT to make epinephrine from NE so a pituitary resection -> _ ACTH->_ epinephrine

A

Corticol activates PNMT to make epinephrine from NE so a pituitary rsecction -> low ACTH->low epinephrine

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45
Q

Lead poisoning inhibits _ + _ so presents with impoverished children, before 19_ housing, _ anemia, hi _ protoporphyrin, neurotoxicity from accumulation

A

Lead poisoning inhibits ferrochelatase + ALAD( both inside mitcho) so presents with impoverished children, before 1978 housing, sideroblastic anemia, hi zinc protoporphyrin, neurotoxicity from accumulation

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46
Q

Porphobilinogen deaminase (an upper) presents with 3?

A

Porphobilinogen deaminase(an upper) presents with abdominal pain, neuropsyc symptoms + red/brown urine

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47
Q

AlAS inhib by 2 activated by ?

A

AlAS inhib by Heme + glucose activated by

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48
Q

_ syndrome Glucuronyl transferase

A

Gilbert syndrome Glucuronyl transferase

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49
Q

Steroidogenesis begins in _with remainder in sER( produce steroids and detox while rER produces _ homones).

A

Steroidogenesis begins in mitochondrial with remainder in sER( produce steroids and detox while rER produces peptide homones).

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50
Q

Insulin acts via glycogen _

A

Insulin acts via glycogen phophatse

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51
Q

Insulin to TK to PL3k/mapK for _/_ function = activate glycogen phosphatase(_ glycogen synthase to activate))/ DNA

A

Insulin to TK to PL3k/mapK for metabolic/mitogenic function = (glycogen phosphatase(dephos to activate glycogen synthase))/ DNA

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52
Q

Cori disease is 1_ debraching ezyme deficiency presents with _(short outer chains) and hypotonia

A

Cori disease is 1-6 debraching ezyme deficiency presents with limit dextrins(short outer chains) , hypotonia

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53
Q

Glycogen storage disease are enzymes.

A

Glycogen storage disease are MPCV from myophosphorylate/lysosomal 1-6 & 1-4 glucosidase/ 1-6 glycosidase/ g6ptase deficiency.

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54
Q

Hers disease is liver version of _( muscle disease)

A

Hers disease is liver version of Cori( muscle)

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55
Q

Von geike is G6ptase deficiency which affects _ and _ so may presents with lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis

A

Von geike is G6ptase deficiency which affects liver and kidney; presents with lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis

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56
Q

Pompe is presents with _, hypotonia

A

Pompe is presents with cardiomegaly , hypotonia

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57
Q

Hi acetyle coa stimulates gluconeogenesis via _

A

Hi Acetyle coa stimulates gluconeogenesis via Pyruvate carbosylase

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58
Q

Pyruvate makes _/_ via _/_for TCA/gluconeogenisis

A

Pyruvate makes Acetyl coa / oxalacetae via Pyruvate carboxylase/PDH for TCA/gluconeogenisis

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59
Q

Homocystinuria is _ synthase(need b_) deficiency presents with HOMOC?

A

Homocystinuria is cystathione synthase(need b6) deficiency presents with HOMOC(homcystien, osteoporosis, marfanoid, ectopia lentis(in & down as opposed to marfan), cardiovas thomobemoblism

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60
Q

Translocases for cytosol to _ transport

A

Translocases for cytosol to mitochondrial transport

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61
Q

Organophosphates are irrv _inbitiors so lead to cholinergic excess DUMBBELLS treat with _ +muscarinic antagonist

A

Organophosphates are irrv ACHE inbitiors so lead to cholinergic excess DUMBELS treat with pralidoxime +muscarinic antagonist

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62
Q

Fructose versus other sugars is metabolized the faster or slower?

A

Fructose versus other sugars is metabolized the fasters because bypases PFK-1

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63
Q

PKU is also presents with decrease CNS(_brain) and skin pallor

A

PKU is also presents with decrease CNS(catecholaminergic brain) and skin pallor because do not make catecholamines

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64
Q

Hereditary orotic aciduria vrs orinthine transcarbamylase? Treatments 1 vrs 2

A

Hereditary orotic aciduria presents with megaloblastic anemia, mental retardation,( vrs ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency who have hyperammonia symptoms) treat with uridine

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65
Q

_ prevention is screening techniques

A

Secondary prevention is screening techniques

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66
Q

_/_/_ rule for 1/2/3standard deviations

A

68-95-99.7 rule for 1/2/3standard deviations

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67
Q

NNT = 1/ Absolute risk reduction (control event rate - experiment event rates)

RRR = ARR/control rate

RR(how strongly risk factor is associated with outcome) = treatment rate/control rate

1176 Relative risk reduction = RR ( AR control -ARtreatment) / AR control ; recurrence rate= relative risk

A

NNT = 1/ Absolute risk reduction (control event rate - experiment event rates)

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68
Q

Prevalence is incidence rate * avg disease duration ( so proportional)

A

Prevalence is incidence rate * avg disease duration ( so proportional)

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69
Q

Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by _ can be reduced via blinding.

A

Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by prior knowledge/conceptions can be reduced via blinding.

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70
Q

Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by _ can be reduced via blinding.

A

Observer bias is when investigators evaluation is affected by prior knowledge/conceptions can be reduced via blinding.

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71
Q

Recall bias ?

A

Recall bias is inaccurate recall

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72
Q

Lead time bias ?

A

Lead time bias is earlier diagnosis of disease that appears to prolong survival(but not really)

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73
Q

Cross over study design?

A

Cross over study design: treatment sequences when groups cross over (treatment followed by placebo or placebo followed by treatment at first then switch)

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74
Q

Cross sectional study ?

A

Cross sectional study : exposure and outcome at same time(aka snapshot), ie surveys

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75
Q

Case series vrs case control

A

Case series is a descriptive study tracking a case vrs case-control( a case cohort and a control cohort)

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76
Q

Accumulation effect: time must pass for clinically _effect to be detected

A

Accumulation effect: time must pass for clinically significant effect to be detected

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77
Q

Power of a study(ability to detect difference ) = ?

A

Power of a study(ability to detect difference ) = 1-beta error

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78
Q

Power of study increases 3 !!

A

Power of study increases with sample size !!

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79
Q

Type I/II error ?

A

Type I/II erro = alph/beta error = fp/ fn meaning detect difference/ not detect when one actually exist/don’t exist

80
Q

ANOVA(analysis of variance) and T-test for comparison between ?

A

ANOVA(analysis of variance) and T-test for comparison between means of 2 or more/ exactly two groups

81
Q

Meta-analysis?

A

Meta-analysis is pooling of data for better statistical power

82
Q

Logistic regression?

A

Logistic regression( probability of a binary outcome(2 possible outcomes) based on 1 or more variables? Linear regression?

83
Q

1g protein or carb /fat makes _ Cal of energy.

A

1 4/9 =

84
Q

Kreb cycle enzymes? NAD/ GTP/ FAD @ 2/ 1/ 1 step

A

Kreb cycle enzymes: citrate is krebs starting substrate for making oxaloacetate( citrate isocitrate, fumerate, malate, oxaloacetate NAD/ GTP/ FAD @ I &M/ S-coa/ Sucinate step

85
Q

Glutathione reductase uses NADPH and _ to minimize_ damage

A

Glutathione reductase uses NADPH and FAD to minimize oxidativee damage

86
Q

Succinate dehydrogenase complex of TCA also part of electron transport chain( complex _) which uses _(aka_ B_) to produce _

A

Succinate dehydrogenase complex of TCA also part of electron transport chain( complex 2) which uses FAD(riboflavin, B2) to produce FADH

87
Q

Ribolflavin(B2 deficiency) presents ?

A

Ribolflavin(B2 deficiency) presents with glossitis, stomatitis, cheliosis

88
Q

On bell curves of diseased and non diseased states: what is the distribution? ! Cut off points determine _ or _ test: dec cutoff point does?.

A

Cut off points determine positive or negative test: dec cutoff point decrease FN but inc False positive.

89
Q

Sensitivity is what? equaiton

A

Sensitivity = TP/(TP + FN) ability to identify disease; Specificity – TN(TN + FP) ability to exclude those without disease

90
Q

Sensitivity/specificity proportional to

A

Sensitivity proportional to TP while specificity is proportional to TN

91
Q

Specificity is what? equation

A

Specificity – TN(TN + FP) ability to exclude those without disease

92
Q

Statistical significace via 2 methods: ?

A

Statistical significace via 2 methods: if 95% confidence interval does not cross null value(typic 1) which corresponds to p-value < .05 : so %confidence interval + % p-value(probability of a response due to chance alone) = 100%

93
Q

Odds Ratio is what? equation

A

Odds Ratio(strength of association between exposure and outcome) = ad/bc = (a/b)/(c/d) on contingency table

94
Q

Vit _ deficiency also presents with elevated methylmalonic acid & homocysteine due to decreased metabolisim

A

Vit B12 deficiency also presents with elevated methylmalonic acid & homocysteine due to decreased metabolisim

95
Q

_ deficiency affects erythrocyte transketolase

A

Thiamine deficiency affects erythrocyte transketolase

96
Q

How does phenyleephrine signal tranduction?

A

Phenylephrine bind a1 which activates PLC->DAG/IP3(via ca)->PKC

97
Q

Southwestern blotting detects _ such as transciption factors( _), nucleases and histones. It uses _ as probe.

A

Southwestern blotting detects DNA-binding proteins such as transciption factors( c-jun/fos), nucleases and histones. It uses dsDNA as probe.

98
Q

Bloom syndrome: ?

A

Bloom syndrome: mutation in BLM gene encoding helicase presents with growth retardation, facial anomalies, photosensitivity, immunodeficiency

99
Q

Amatoxins ( in mushroms) inhibit _ ( so especially deadly in cells with _(2)) present with _-like diarrhea with abd pain, vomit

A

Amatoxins ( in mushroms) inhibit RNAPoly 2 ( expecially deadly in cells with rapid turnover-liver & prox tubules of kidney) present with cholera-like diarrhea with abd pain, vomit

100
Q

Eukaryotic Poly 3 makes trna, _

A

Eukaryotic Poly 3 makes trna, 5srRBNA

101
Q

Ricin( castor oil toxin) inhib _S

A

Ricin( castor oil toxin) inhib eukaryaevens 60S

102
Q

Attrition bias( ?) is a form of _ bias

A

ttrition bias( disproportional/ nonrandom lose of follow up between groups ) is a form of selection

103
Q

_ disease (_ deficiency presents with exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, myoglobinuria )

A

McArdle disease (Myophosphrylase deficiency presents with exercise intolerance, muscle cramping, myoglobinuria )

104
Q

Muscle lack _ so no gluconeogenesis

A

Muscle lack g6ptase so no gluconeogenesis

105
Q

Base excision repair ?

A

Base excision repair GEL-Please ( glycosylase removes defective base(AP site) then endonuclease cleave 5’ then lyase cleave 3’ the DNApoly and ligase

106
Q

Nitrates deaminate cytosine, adenine and guanine to form ?

A

Nitrates deaminate cytosine, adenine and guanine to form uracil hypoxantine and xanthine

107
Q

Urea cycle ?

A

Urea cycle Ordinarily Careless Crapers Are Also Fivolous About Urination = orinthine carbomylphosphate citruline aspartate arginine fumurate arginine urea where Carbomy + aspartate enter and fumurate urea produced.

108
Q

What is the main AA to despose of Nitrogen frome peripheral tissues?

A

Alanine transfers nitrogen to akG in liver (then liver catabolism of protein amino group given to to make glutamate then to ammonia(NH3) then urea cycle.

109
Q

What does Alanine transfer nitrogen to while in the liver?

A

Alanine transfers nitrogen to akG in liver (then liver catabolism of protein amino group given to to make glutamate then to ammonia(NH3) then urea cycle.

110
Q

2-sample t-test/chi-square/meta-anlysis/linear regression/ correlation coefficent= ?

A

2-sample t-test/chi-square/meta-anlysis/linear regression/ correlation coefficent= compare means/ compare observed & expected outcomes/ pool statistical data/ trend line/ direction & strenght of relationship via one number

111
Q

Highly lipophilic drugs redistributed: ( 3 phase)

A

Highly lipophilic drugs redistributed: initially to highflow(rapid onset) then to less blood flow(short duration of action) then elimation by liver

112
Q

TATA(_ bp) and CAAT promote transcription by allowing TF & RNA poly2 to bind

A

TATA and CAAT ( @ 25 & 75bp form TSS)promote transcription by allowing TF & RNA poly2 to bind

113
Q

Capitation: predetermined _ fee for all services (pay structure for _ where _within group)

A

Capitation: predetermined fixed fee for all services (pay structure for HMO where restricted within group)

114
Q

Global payment (a capitation of an _ of care)

A

Global payment (a capitation of an incident of care)

115
Q

MDR, enteric organism, scabies precautions: nonsteril gloves and gown + _ (with soap and water for C. diff) + private room preferred. Facemask/n95 mask for short/_ period droplets

A

MDR, enteric organism, scabies precautions: nonsteril gloves and gown + handwashing (with soap and water for C. diff) + private room preferred. Facemask/n95 mask for short/long period droplets

116
Q

Drug kinetics graph: 1st/ zero order = ?

A

Drug kinetics graph: 1st/ zero order = constant rate dependent on serum conc/ amount independent of conc

117
Q

If someone wants to do abortion?

A

If someone wants to do abortion? Provide them with resources of providers

118
Q

What is used to estimate pop mean if with sample data? Normally Cl= mean +- 1.96* SD with pop data but if using sample date to estimate pop, Cl = mean +- 1.96*(SD/squareroot of n).

A

What is used to estimate pop mean if with sample data? Normally Cl= mean +- 1.96* SD with pop data but if using sample date to estimate pop, Cl = mean +- 1.96*(SD/squareroot of n).

119
Q

How to diagnose tetanus?

A

How to diagnose tetanus? Clinical

120
Q

Membrane potential determined by ions ( if neg, permeable to _ ion)

A

.Membrane potential determined by ions ( if neg, permeable to neg ion) and if pos permeable to pos ioin

121
Q

G6pDH presents? Genetics? Rxn? _-recss. does g_p to phospho_conate Von Geirke presents? 1-_ is the braching enzme

A

G6pDH presents? Genetics? Rxn? X-recss. Hemolytic anemia(dark urine) during increased oxidative stress; g6p to phosphogluconate 1-6 for b

122
Q

NNH means? 1/absolute risk increase between groups( calculate via adverse event rate); means number of people to treat to before 1 adverse event. NNT mean?

A

1231NNH means? 1/absolute risk increase between groups( calculate via adverse event rate); means number of people to treat to before 1 adverse event. NNT mean?

123
Q

What ezymes helps produce ketones and glucouse during starvation?

A

What ezymes helps produce ketones and glucouse during starvation? Hormone senitve lipase in adipose tissue( TG->glycelol/ FFA -> gluco/ketogenesis in liver cell

124
Q

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy/galactosemia is what type of mutatin? Mitcho and aut recess;

A

1728Leber hereditary optic neuropathy/galactosemia is what type of mutatin? Mitcho and aut recess; reading pedigrees( determine dorm(parent will be affected) or recess then determine aut(M & F affected) or sexual link

125
Q

If measurement in reference range?

A

If measurement in reference range? Accurate

126
Q

Incidence = new cases/pop at risk

A

Incidence = new cases/pop at risk

127
Q

Alanine/glutamine form muscle/all else for nitrogenous waste : In brian-> hi glutamine, low glutamate-> disruption of excitatory neurotransmission

A

Alanine/glutamine form muscle/all else for nitrogenous waste : In brian-> hi glutamine, low glutamate-> disruption of excitatory neurotransmission

128
Q

Fragile X due to FMRI gene _methylation and inactivation due to CGG repeats.

A

Fragile X due to FMRI gene hypermethylation and inactivation due to CGG repeats.

129
Q

Biotin deficiency assoc with what food? What ezyme & presents as? Egg _( avidin) ; B7, carboxylase(ie _) with mad, dermatitis,

A

Biotin deficiency assoc with what food? What ezyme & presents as? Egg white( avidin) ; carboxylase(ie PC) with mad, dermatitis,

130
Q

Cricothyrotomy for? Insion goes through(3)? Last resort Intubation; incision through fascia, pretracheal fascia and cricothyroid membrane

A

Cricothyrotomy for? Insion goes through(3)? Last resort Intubation; incision through fascia, pretracheal fascia and cricothyroid membrane

131
Q

Cyanide toxicity Present?Treat(3)?

A

Cyanide toxicity Present? red blood(nitroprusside sketch) Treat(3)? Colbalamin(colbalt), nitrite and thiosulfate ( via binding ions, induce methemoglobinemia, detoxify )

132
Q

Ondansetron ?

A

Ondansetron ? anti-emetic after chemo;

133
Q

Dexrazoxane?

A

Dexrazoxane? For Doxorubicin cardiotocity

134
Q

Mot adverse drug reactions are? predictable(most)/nonpredictable( genes, immune or idiosyncratic)

A

Mot adverse drug reactions are? predictable(most)/nonpredictable( genes, immune or idiosyncratic)

135
Q
A

1176 Relative risk reduction = RR ( AR control -ARtreatment) / AR control ; recurrence rate= relative risk

136
Q

Holoproencephaly is due to _ effect(?): Deformations/associations/dysplasia= ?

A

Holoproencephaly is due to field effect(?): multiple malformations secondary to embryonic disturbance; Deformations/associations/dysplasia= external cause(developmental dysplasia of hip)/ without unifying cause(vactrel)/ mal organization(osteogeneisis imperfecta)

137
Q

_syndrome presentation: protruding tongue, excessive skin at nape of neck, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal fold, _tonia &; weak _ reflex ; with trisomy or robersonian translocation of 21.

A

Down syndrome presentation: protruding tongue, excessive skin at nape of neck, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal fold, hypotonia & weak moro reflex ; with trisomy or robersonian translocation of 21.

138
Q

Digeorge present with ?

A

Digeorge present with (velo cardiac defects) hypertelorisim,cleft,

139
Q

_ + ataxia +_ infections – ataxia-telangiectasia ( DNA break nonhomo repair) is radiation induced cerrebella atrophy.

A

Radiation + ataxia + sinopulmonary infections – ataxia-telangiectasia ( DNA pyrimidine dimers) is radiation induced cerrebella atrophy.

140
Q

Pharmacokinectics: drugs with high lipohilic have _ Vd due to _ tissue penetration so _elimination via _

A

Pharmacokinectics: drugs with high lipohilic have _ Vd due to _ tissue penetration so _elimination via _ Durgs with high lipohilic have high vd due to high tissue penetration so hepatic elim via bile.

141
Q

If more in blood(hydrophilic) less volume distribution so_ elimination.

A

If more in blood(hydrophilic) less volume distribution so renal elimination.

142
Q

_drug lengthen QT interval(lengthen _-wave on QRS) not does not cause torsades.

A

_drug lengthen QT interval(lengthen _-wave on QRS) not does not cause torsades. Amiodarone

143
Q

Probability of independent events all happening multiple: probablitiy of at least 1 turning out differently ( 1-P)

A

Probability of independent events all happening multiple: probablitiy of at least 1 turning out differently ( 1-P)

144
Q

What corelates to potency of inhaled anesthetic _ correlates to MAC? Blood/gas coefficient _corresponds to solubility inversely corresponded to onset of action.

A

What corelates to potency of inhaled anesthetic Inversely correlates to MAC? Blood/gas coefficient directly corresponds to solubility inversely corresponded to onset of action.

145
Q

Positive skew means? So mean median mode shift? _ is shifted positively(R) so mean _ mode shifted to (L)

A

Positive skew means? So mean median mode shift? Tail is shifted positively(R) so mean median mode shifted to (L)

146
Q

Hepatic angiosarcomas marker? Associated with _ exposures?(3) CD31=PECAM, carcinogens: PVC(plastic), arsenic(pesticides), thorotrast(radiation)

A

Hepatic angiosarcomas marker? Associated with _ exposures? CD31=PECAM, carcinogens: PVC(plastic), arsenic(pesticides), thorotrast(radiation)

147
Q

Pharmacokinetics E( e for _)fficacy? Potency?

A

Pharmacokinetics Efficacy? Potency? Max effect; O for50 :Concetration at which 50% effect( ED50: does at which effect in 50 pop)

148
Q

Tuberosclerosis/VHL tumors in kidney renal angio_lipoma/ RCC

A

Tuberosclerosis/VHL tumors in kidney renal angiomyolipoma/ RCC

149
Q

Paroxymsmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria receptors? If hemolysis of RBC see in kidney?

A

Paroxymsmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria receptors? If hemolysis of RBC see in kidney? DAF(CD55), Hematuria or hemosiderois (Cast nephropathy is seen in Multiple myloma )

150
Q

Carvenous hemangiomas? Intrapraenchymal vascular malformation-> h_ & s_

A

Carvenous hemangiomas? Intracranial parencymal vascular malformation-> hemorrhage & seizures

151
Q

Draw the table? Sp, sens? TN, TP TN = Sp * (# of patients w/o disease) FP = (1-sp)*(# of patient without disease)

A

Draw the table? Sp, sens? TN, TP TN = Sp * (# of patients w/o disease) FP = (1-sp)*(# of patient without disease)

152
Q

Site mark for lumbar puncture?

A

Site mark for lumbar puncture? Illac crest(L4)

153
Q

Effect modification vrs confounding?

A

Effect modification vrs confounding? Difference/no differences in strata

154
Q

Cytoplasmic p bodies:

A

Cytoplasmic p bodies: store mrna

155
Q

Where is best to do caterization of femoral artery?

A

Where is best to do caterization of femoral artery? Inf because if superior might cause retroperitoneal bleeds.

156
Q

1l-6 stimulates _ reactions.

A

1l-6 stimulates acute phase reactions.

157
Q

Aplastic(Fanconi) vrs parvovirus anemia

A

Aplastic(Fanconi) vrs parvovirus anemia All(absent thumbs) vrs erythrocytes only.

158
Q

Rhinovirus/CMV attach via

A

Rhinovirus/CMV attach via icam/integrin

159
Q

Drug kinetics? Vd equation.

A

Drug kinetics? Vd equation.

160
Q

Transamination rxn? Cofactor?

A

Transamination rxn? Cofactor? Transfer amino group from AA to a-Keto acid; B6 in transamination & decarboxylation rxn

161
Q

Complementary sequences align in antiparallel fashion.

A

Complementary sequences align in antiparallel fashion( 5-3 binds 3-to 5)

162
Q

Stop codons(3)

A

Stop codons: UGA, UAA, UAG

163
Q

Calculate dosing interval ? 1714 Time for _ of drug to be eliminated is 1/2/3/4/5 half lifes.

A

Calculate dosing interval ? 1714 Time for 0/50/75/88/94/97 of drug to be eliminated is 1/2/3/4/5 half lifes.

164
Q

Vit D making? Skin->liver->kidney makes Cholecalciferol ->_ ->1,25

A

Vit D making? Skin->liver->kidney makes Cholecalciferol ->25 ->1,25

165
Q

Naicin deficiency presents? Used in? Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, TCA cycle things( dR)

A

Naicin deficiency presents? Used in? Diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, TCA cycle things( dehydrogenases & reductases)

166
Q

PAS stains for?

A

PAS stains for? Polysaccharides (add diastase for glycogen stain)

167
Q

Frutose metabolism essential frutosuria = frutokinase(bening, copper reduction test _ glucose osidase)-> heriditary frutose intolerance ->_( accumulation) enz deficiency

A

Frutose metabolism essential frutosuria -> heriditary frutose intolerance = frutokinase(bening, copper reduction test + glucose osidase)->aldolase B( accumulation) enz deficiency

168
Q

Galactose metabolism frutose/galactose due to _/_

A

Galactose metabolism essential galactouria ->classic galactosemia = galactokinase (bening, cataracts) -> GALT(jaundice) frutose/galactose = juices/ breastfeeding

169
Q

Glycogen storage disease von geirke vrs mcardle?

A

Glycogen storage disease

170
Q

Lipid storage disease Fabry: a-galactosidase A deficient; angiokeratomas

Niemann-Pick= sphingomyelinase Tay-Sachs/ Gaucher/ Fabry/ Krabbe/ metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

Lipid storage disease Fabry: a-galactosidase A deficient; angiokeratomas

171
Q

PKU: present with?

A

PKU: musty order , recessive ( gait + posture abnl + eczema)

172
Q

Fasting processes!

glycogenolysis( 1_day) ->gluconeogeneis ->fat metabolism= 3 by pass?

A

Fasting processes! glycogenolysis( 1 day) ->gluconeogeneis ->fat metabolism= HK, PFK, Pk bypassed by PC + PEPCK, F1,2BP, G6PT

173
Q

fatty acid synthesis/b-oxidation = cytoplasm/ mitochondria so_ must mediate

carnitein deficiency=hypoketotic hypoglycemia

mcad deficiency = hypoketotic hypoglycemia with fast?

A

fatty acid synthesis/b-oxidation = cytoplasm/ mitochondria so carnitine must mediate carnitein deficiency=hypoketotic hypoglycemia mcad deficiency = hypoketotic hypoglycemia with fast?

174
Q

Wernicke encepahlopathy: if alcoholic( low thiamine + inc NADH/NAD ratio so puts stress on TCA cycle), _ + _ need thiamine so if give glucose first, decrease thiamine even more-> cell injury

A

Wernicke encepahlopathy: if alcoholic( low thiamine + inc NADH/NAD ratio so puts stress on TCA cycle), PDH + aKG need thiamine so if give glucose first, decrease thiamine even more-> cell injury

175
Q

steroids cause of neutrophils: other side effects?

A

steroids cause demargination of neutrophils: other side effects?

176
Q

Maple syrup disease: branched chain(LIV) a-ketoacid dehydrogenase needs (1,2,3 and _ & _)

A

Maple syrup disease: branched chain(LIV) a-ketoacid dehydrogenase needs Thiamine, LIpoate, coenzyme A, FAD, NAD( Tender Loving Care for Nancy)

177
Q

If phenotypically normal parents, Probability that a female sibling of a male affected by an x-linked _ disease will give birth to an affected child is 1/8

A

If phenotypically normal parents, Probability that a female sibling of a male affected by an x-linked recessive disease will give birth to an affected child is 1/8

178
Q

Wiskitt-aldrich syndrome: triad of _ (enzema + thrombovytopenia) & immonodeficiency due to Gene. Wasp immonoglobins: Ige&a _

A

Wiskitt-aldrich syndrome: triad of bleeding (enzema + thrombovytopenia) & immonodeficiency due to Gene. Wasp immonoglobins: Ige&a increased

179
Q

Chediak-Higashi traid of (_ + _) & immunodifiecncy defect in neutrophil phagolysome lysosome _

A

Chediak-Higashi traid of (neuro + albinsim) & immunodifiecncy defect in neutrophil phagolysome lysosome fusion

180
Q

Henoch-Schonlein(3): children, rash(_ + _deposits(like PSN)) + abd pain + polyarthralgia

A

Henoch-Schonlein(3): children, rash(IGA + C3 deposits(like PSGN)) + abd pain + polyarthralgia

181
Q

Interferons are only active in the present of _Rna

A

Interferons are only active in the present of dsRna

182
Q

. type 4 reactions: contact hypersensitivity(poison ivy, poison oak) + 2 tests

A

. type 4 reactions: contact hypersensitivity(poison ivy, poison oak) + 2 tests

183
Q

. anaphyaxis vrs atopy! = first/subsequent exposures?

A

. anaphyaxis vrs atopy! = first/subsequent exposures?

184
Q

Urtica+ serum sickness + Arthus reaction: type _( after 24 hrs does timeline matter) happens after dtap toxoid vaccine ag react with preexisting antibodies.- due to bosters

A

Urtica+ serum sickness + Arthus reaction: type 3( after 24 hrs does timeline matter) happens after dtap toxoid vaccine ag react with preexisting antibodies.- due to bosters?! dif b/t urtica & contact hypersens?!

185
Q

Motocycle accident-> spleen rather than liver damage-> _(because no t-cell effect so immunity only via splenic macros that produce most of the opsonizing IgG) bacterial rather than complement production is compromised

A

Motocycle accident-> spleen rather than liver damage-> encapsulated(because no t-cell effect so immunity only via splenic macros that produce most of the opsonizing IgG) bacterial rather than complement production is compromised

186
Q

WaSP/CGD & Cediak-hig = B, T/ neutrophilic abnl = W-A syndrome: X-immuno difficiency(b &T) + enzema + thombocytopenia ;

WAPs WATER Chediak-Higashi = immune difficiency (neurtophil) + albinisim + neuro abnl , LYST ; problem with neutrophil phagosome + lysosome fusion due to microtubule prob -> giant _

CGD disease: low napd oxidae so catalase + orgs, NBT/ DHR test = less _/_

A

WaSP/CGD & Cediak-hig = B, T/ neutrophilic abnl = W-A syndrome: X-immuno difficiency(b &T) + enzema + thombocytopenia ; WAPs WATER Chediak-Higashi = immune difficiency (neurtophil) + albinisim + neuro abnl , LYST ; problem with neutrophil phagosome + lysosome fusion due to microtubule prob -> giant inclusions CGD disease: low napd oxidae so catalase + orgs, NBT/ DHR test = fail to turn blue/ less green color

less blue/less greene

187
Q

Myeloperoxidase (for intracelluar killing vrs oxidative burst) defiency is clinically _ .

A

Myeloperoxidase (for intracelluar killing vrs oxidative burst?) defiency is clinically silent .

188
Q

Mast + basophil/eosionophils mediate _/late phase type 1 hypersensitiy via histamine + cellular chemotaxis /_ & major basic protein for _/parasitic infection

A

Mast + basophil/eosionophils mediate immediate/late phase type 1 hypersensitiy for histamine + cellular chemotaxis /ADCC & major basic protein for allergy/parasitic infection

189
Q

Delayed type 4 hypersensitiviy reaction is _ cells + _.

A

Delayed type 4 hypersensitiviy reaction is CD4 cells + macrophages ( candida & tb test)

190
Q

transplant rejection: hyper/acute/chronic =preformed antibodies/ antibodies/ chronic( 6 mths) inflammation = firinoid necrosis vessels-> organ _/ humoral& cellular / fibrosis & organ _

A

transplant rejection: hyper/acute/chronic =preformed antibodies/ antibodies/ chronic( 6 mths) inflammation = firinoid necrosis vessels-> organ cyanosis/ humoral& cellular / fibrosis & organ atrophy

191
Q

leukotriene C4 is for

A

leukotriene C4 is for constriciton

192
Q

C3a-5a for anaphylaxis( histamine release from mast cell) with 3a for (2) chemo taxis and 5a for _ chemotaxis

A

C3a-5a for anaphylaxis( histamine release from mast cell) with 3a for eosin & baso chemo taxis and 5a for all chemotaxis

193
Q

active transporters are _pases

A

active transporters are _pases

194
Q

greater(1ligament ?)/lesser( 2 ligaments?) omentum?

A

greater(1ligament ?)/lesser( 2 ligaments?) omentum?

195
Q

reliabilty measures _

A

reliability measures reproducibility(consistency)

196
Q

anti _ only crosses placenter!

A

anti Ig only crosses placenter!

Asem (9 decks)

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