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Psychology > Biopsychology > Flashcards

Biopsychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the control nervous system?

A

The master control unit which receives sensory information from the nervous system and control’s the body’s response.
Involves neurons

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2
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Transmits info to and from the CNS.

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3
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system subdivided into?

A

The Autonomic System and the Somatic system

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4
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system?

A

Involuntary control system (is automatic).
Controls internal body processes such as blood pressure, metabolism and body temp

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5
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

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6
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Involves the voluntary control of body movement.
Controls neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin.

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7
Q

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

To prepare for fight or flight

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8
Q

What happens to the human body during fight or flight?

A

Heart rate increases, airway widens, release of stored energy, palms sweat, pupils dilate, hair stands on end, processes such as urination are slowed down.

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9
Q

What is the role of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

A

To conserve and restore by slowing heart rate and decreasing blood pressure. Aswell as stimulating the digestive track to process food and eliminate waste. Energy from processed food is used to build tissues.

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10
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

A series of glands that release hormones throughout the body via bodily fluids etc blood.

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11
Q

What is the Endocrine system?

A

A series of glands that release hormones throughout the body via bodily fluids etc blood.

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12
Q

What is the function of the hormone Adrenaline?

A

To trigger the bodies fight or flight response. Causes your heart to beat faster and lungs to breathe more efficiently. Raises blood sugar levels to give you energy. Decreases the body’s ability to feel pain which allows you to contain running even with a sustained injury. Awareness levels increase and so does strength and performance levels.

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13
Q

How is Adrenaline released?

A

It is naturally released by the body from the adrenal glands.

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14
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

The master gland which controls the release of all other glands in the body.

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15
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

The master gland which controls the release of all other glands in the body.

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16
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

They carry nerve impulses from sensory receptors (vision, taste, touch) to the spinal cord and brain.
When these reach the brain they are converted into sensations (heat, pain, etc).
Information is carried from the CNS to the PNS.

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17
Q

What is the role of relay neurons?

A

To allow sensory and motor neurons to communicate.
Located in the brain and spinal cord.

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18
Q

What is the appearance like of motor neurons?

A

They have short dendrites and long axons.

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19
Q

What is the function of motor neurons?

A

To carry signals from the brain or spinal cord to muscles which triggers muscle contractions.

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20
Q

What does the cell body contain?

A

The nucleus

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21
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Protrusions from the cell body that form branches connecting to other cells.

22
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

To carry signals away from the cell body towards other neurons.

23
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

Areas of the axon without myelin. Electrical signal can jump rapidly which speeds up the transmission.

24
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

The genetic material of the cell.

25
Q

What is myelin sheath?

A

Multiple layers of fatty cell membrane that wrap around the axon

26
Q

How is an electrical impulse down the end of a neuron created?

A

A neuron in a negative state with a negative charge is in resting potential. When the neuron is activated by a stimulus it has a positive charge causing action potential creating the electrical impulse.

27
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion by a neurotransmitter.

28
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitters help the nerve impulse to cross the gap between the pre-synaptic and post synaptic neuron.

29
Q

What is the journey of a nerve impulse?

A

Nerve impulse travels down the axon and reaches synaptic terminal which triggers the release of neurotransmitters which are fired into the synaptic gap. Neurotransmitters binds with receptors on the dendrite of the adjacent neuron. If successfully transmitted the neurotransmitter is taken up by the post-synaptic neuron. Message continues in this way via electrical impulses

30
Q

What does excitatory mean?

A

Increases probability of an action potential occurring in a post synaptic cell (on switches)

31
Q

What does inhibitory mean?

A

The nervous system “Off switches” which are responsible for calming the body and inducing sleep. Filters out unnecessary excitatory signals.

32
Q

What was Frank Gall’s theory of phrenology?

A

He proposed that a persons personality was reflected by bumps on the skull.
Gall believed the functions were localised to specific regions of brain. This eventually becomes an extremely influential viewpoint.

33
Q

What does the left side of the brain control?

A

Controls the right sided function.

34
Q

What does the right side of the brain control?

A

Left sided functions

35
Q

What does the right side of the brain control?

A

Left sided functions

36
Q

What is the outer layer of both hemispheres called?

A

The celebral cortex. It is responsible for the high levels of brain functions such as language. It is filled with neurons. It separates us from animals as it is more developed.

37
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Contains the motor area which is at the back of each hemisphere. It controls voluntary movements in the opposite side of the body (left controls right and vice versa).
Disturbance of motor function is characterised by loss of fine movements and strength of the arms, hands and fingers (Kupyers)
Also concerned with higher brain functions eg decision making and reasoning.

38
Q

What are the parietal lobes?

A

Contains the somato sensory area which is in the front of the parietal lobes.
It receives sensory input from receptors in the skin including touch, pressure and temperature from all areas of the body’s surface.

39
Q

What are the occipital lobes?

A

The visual area. Each eye sends information from
The right visual field to the left visual cortex.
Nerve impulse from the retina is transmitted via the optic nerve to the thalamus which relays it to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

40
Q

What can disorders on the occipital lobe cause?

A

Visual hallucinations and illusions.

41
Q

What can disorders on the occipital lobe cause?

A

Visual hallucinations and illusions.

42
Q

If secondary areas that help with the visual area are damaged what does it lead to?

A

Prosopagnosia (inability to recognise faces) and achromatopsia (loss of ability to see world in colour)

43
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

Receives input directly from ears (auditory info).

44
Q

What does the damage to temporal lobes produce?

A

Hearing loss.

45
Q

What does the damage to temporal lobes produce?

A

Hearing loss.

46
Q

What does area does the temporal lobe contain?

A

Wernickes area which affects the ability to comprehend language.

47
Q

Where is language in the brain located?

A

Always in the left hemisphere.

48
Q

What does damage to Wernicke’s area cause?

A

Fluent but meaningless speech.
Patients produce neologisms (nonsense words).
When we wish to speak the word it is found and activated in Wernicke’s area and the info is sent to Broca’s area.

49
Q

What does damage to Wernicke’s area cause?

A

Fluent but meaningless speech.
Patients produce neologisms (nonsense words).
When we wish to speak the word it is found and activated in Wernicke’s area and the info is sent to Broca’s area.

50
Q

What does damage to Broca’s area cause?

A

Broca’s aphasia.
Slow speech which lacks fluency. In charge of speech production. Is near the motor region which controls the mouth and vocal cords.

Psychology (8 decks)

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