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Adv. Biology & Enviornmental Science > Biomes > Flashcards

Biomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Areas that have distinct climates and organisms

A

Biome

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2
Q

What are the two most important factors of a biome

A

Climate and Weather

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3
Q

What is happening at one place at one time

A

Weather

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4
Q

The average weather over time of a certain area

A

Climate

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5
Q

What are the two main reasons tropical rain forests are being cleared?

A
  1. Agricultural purposes

2. Commercial logging

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6
Q

Besides cutting the trees else is the forest harmed?

A

Machinery used such as bulldozers, road graders, log skidders

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7
Q

Why do nations allow deforestation?

A

Governments sell logging concessions to raise money for projects, to pay international debt, or to develop industry

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8
Q

How does CO2 affect the atmosphere and climate?

A

It enhances the greenhouse effect

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9
Q

The trees and plants return large quantities of water to the local atmosphere, prompting the formation of clouds and precipitation

A

Evaotranspiration

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10
Q

How does deforestation affect the hydrogen cycle?

A

It reduces the evaporative cooling that takes place from both soil and plant life. Temp of earth

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11
Q

Where are the nutrients of the tropical rain forests held?

A

The plants and trees

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12
Q

Why is clean-cutting most devastating to forests?

A

The bare ground is left behind with very little regrowth

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13
Q

What are the plant adaptations of a template deciduous forest?

A

In the autumn, the leaves drop and provide nutrients for the trees roots; in the summer, the leaves grow back for nutrients from the sun

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14
Q

When are leaves dropped?

A

Autumn

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15
Q

Forest layers

A

Canopy

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16
Q

Floor of the forests

A

Understory

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17
Q

Period of inactivity with a low metabolic rate

A

Hibernate

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18
Q

Animals move where the is a warmer climate

A

Migrate

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19
Q

Why is sunlight important to trees+

A

It regenerates the tree

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20
Q

Describe how understory trees survive

A

They have larger leaves and tend to have reduced expressions of lobes and edges

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21
Q

How does the shape of arctic trees differ from the trees at the equator? Why

A

Arctic trees are more cone shaped. This shape allows for snow to easily glide off the branches

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22
Q

This leaf resembles a feather in having parts or branches arranged on each side of a common axis

A

Pinnate

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23
Q

This leaf has the shape of a hand

A

Palmate

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24
Q

One leaf on a branch

A

Simple leaf

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25
Q

A branch with multiple leaves

A

Compound leaf

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26
Q
  1. Alternating leafs on a branch

2. Opposite leafs on a branch

A

Alternate and Opposite leaf arrangement

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27
Q

The green pigment in leaves

A

Chlorophyll

28
Q

The process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water

A

Photosynthesis

29
Q

The site of photosynthesis

A

Chloroplast

30
Q

The yellow pigment in plants

A

Carotene

31
Q

The blue and red pigment in plants

A

Anthocyanins

32
Q

How does sunlight affect chlorophyll?

A

It causes it to breakdown/ decompose

33
Q

Why does synthesis of chlorophyll occur during the summer?

A

It is continually broken down in summer and needs to be regenerated

34
Q

Why does a leaf turn yellow during the fall?

A

When chlorophyll disappears from a leaf, the remaining carotene causes the leaf to appear yellow

35
Q

How does the pH of sap affect the color of a plant?

A

If the sap is quite acidic, the pigments impart a bright red color; if the sap is less acidic, it’s color is more purple

36
Q

Why are apples red on one side and green on the other?

A

The red side was in the sun and the green side was in the shade

37
Q

What causes the changes in trees?

A

The shortening days and cool nights of Autumn

38
Q

How does temperature affect pigment in leaves?

A

It promotes production of anthocyanins

39
Q

How does dry weather affect pigment in leaves?

A

Increases the amount of anthocyanins

40
Q

What conditions produce the best fall colors?

A

When dry, sunny days are followed by cool, dry nights

41
Q

Chaparral location

A

Found in small sections of most continents, including the west coast of the United States

42
Q

Chaparral climate

A
  1. Lies in a belt of prevailing westerly winds
    ●This is why chaparrals tend to be on the west sides of continents
  2. Precipitation
    ●10-17 inches of rain per year
    ●Most of the rain comes during the winter
  3. Temperature
    ●The temperature is usually mild, but it can get very hot or nearly freezing
    ●The average temperature of the coldest months is 64° F
    ●Range - Between 30° and 100°F
    4.Winter
    ●Mild and moist, but not rainy
    ●Temperature - Usually about 50°F
  4. Summer
    ●Hot and dry
    ●Fires and droughts very common
    ●Temperature - Usually about 100°F
43
Q

Chaparral plant adaptations

A
  1. The plants had to adapt to surviving in long periods of droughts, heat and fire.
  2. They are similar to desert plants
44
Q

Chaparral animal adaptations

A
  1. Aardwolf - Camouflage to avoid predation
  2. Puma - Change diet as seasons change
  3. Quail - Have brownish/ greyish coats that allows them to move through bushes
45
Q

Savanna location

A 
1. Many different areas
   ●Africa
   ●South America
   ●India 
   ●Australlia
2. This biome can overlap with other biomes
46
Q

Savanna climate

A 
1. Temperature
   ●Range from 68° to 86°F
   ●Temperature doesn’t change a lot
      ◆When it does, it is very gradual and not drastic
2. Precipitation
   ●10 to 30 inches of rain per year
3. Dry Season
   ●Lightning often strikes the ground
   ●Usually cooler by a few degrees
4. Winter
   ●4 to 6 months
   ●Dry
   ●Temperature - Range from 68° to 78°F
5. Summer
   ●6 to 8 months
   ●Wet
   ●Temperature - Range from 78° to 86°F
47
Q

Savanna plant adaptations

A
  1. The Baobob Tree- store water in its trunks
    ●The bark of the tree can store up to 120,000 liters of water to help it to survive
  2. The Kangaroo Paw- has tiny woolly hairs which hold onto water droplets
    ●The woolly hairs has a bad taste to them to keep predators from eating them
48
Q

Savanna animal adaptations

A
  1. Chacma Baboons - Have cheek pockets to store food
  2. African Elephant - It uses its trunk in order to drink, gather food and bathe itself
  3. Egyptian Mongoose - it has a strong jaw to easily kill its prey
49
Q

Tropical Rain Forests location

A
  1. Covers about 7% of the Earth

●The majority of Tropical Rainforest lies in South America

50
Q

Tropical Rain Forests climate

A
  1. Very humid because of all the rain
  2. The climate is found near the equator
  3. Precipitation - 250cm per year
51
Q

Tropical Rain Forests plant adaptations

A
  1. Plants has to adapt to constant shade

2. They have strategies to reach sunlight

52
Q

Tropical Rain Forests animal adaptations

A
  1. Sloth - Built for life in the trees
  2. Poison Dart Frog - Very small to prevent being eaten
  3. Toucan - Feathers help it blend into the forests
53
Q

Tundra location

A

located at the top of the Earth; near the North Pole.

75° latitude, 60° longitude

54
Q

Tundra climate

A
  1. The coldest biome in the world. The temperature rarely gets above 18°F (-8°C)
  2. The winters are long, cold, and dark compared to the bright summer months
  3. In the fall, the sun disappears and there is no light
  4. Due to the lack of sun the temperature can fall to -94°F
  5. It can even snow in the summer
  6. The summers are short ( sometimes only last 6-10 weeks), temperature rarely gets above 50·F, and days are 24 hours long
55
Q

Tundra plant adaptations

A
  1. Plants have adapted to the Arctic Tundra by developing the ability to grow under a layer of snow, to carry out photosynthesis in extremely cold temperatures.
  2. Examples of plants are Bearberry, Arctic moss, Caribou moss, Labrador Tea
56
Q

Tundra animal adaptations

A
  1. Polar Bears - Eat fatty meat to give them energy to survive the cold tundra
  2. Snowshoe Hare - Fur turns white in winter so that they are almost invisible in a snowy background
  3. Cationic - Warm, thick coat to protect them from extremely cold winters and insect attacks in summer
57
Q

Taiga or Boreal location

A
  1. It’s the largest continuous biome in the world

2. Examples include the Northern Hemisphere,North America, Asia, Europe, Canada, Scandinavia, Russia

58
Q

Taiga or Boreal climate

A
  1. The second coldest biome on Earth
  2. Winter - Long, cold, chilly winds from the arctic, short days, snow, and temperature is -20°C
  3. Summer - Short, mild, wet, long days, fire not uncommon, rain, warm and humid, and temperature is 18°C
  4. Precipitation - 10-30 inches per year
  5. Temperature - Varies between -54°C to 30°C
59
Q

Taiga or Boreal plant adaptations

A
  1. Not many plants can live in the Taiga due to harsh weather
  2. Some trees that survive are
    pine trees, spruce trees, hemlock trees, and fir trees
  3. Forestry is the worst threat to the plants
    ■Other things that threaten them are forest fires, insects, and pesticides
  4. All trees are cone-shape with waxy needles so snow does not weigh down the branches
  5. Small plants, such as orchids, use snow for shelter and insulation.
    Example
    ■Balsam Fir- it’s the tallest tree in the Boreal Forest and it grows 40-50 ft tall. It is an over dominating species, w/ dark green needles, not leaves. The needles keep it warm in the winter and cool in the summer.
60
Q

Taiga or Boreal animal adaptations

A
  1. Canada Goose - Migrate to avoid the poor conditions of the winter months
  2. Ermine - Its summer coat is brown, to blend into the dirt, and its winter coat is white to blend into the snow
  3. Bears - They hibernate in the winter to survive the Taiga’s harsh winters
  4. Caribou - They have two extended toes called “dew claws.” The increased size of their feet allow them a stable foundation to walk on. The pads on their feet turn hard during the winter so less skin is exposed to the cold snow.
61
Q

Temperate Deciduous location

A
  1. Located in the eastern half of the United States, Canada, Europe, and parts of Russia, China, and Japan
  2. Tend to thrive on areas that have mountains, and particularly in places that range of types of soil
62
Q

Temperate Deciduous climate

A
  1. They have four distinct seasons
  2. The average yearly precipitation is 30-60 inches
  3. The average temperature is 50°F
  4. Winter - Cold, average temperature is well below freezing, winter doesn’t begin until December, almost 14 inches of snow during winter
  5. Summer - Mild, average temperature is about 70°F, usually begin in early June and end in late August, more than 18 inches of rain during the summer
63
Q

Temperate Deciduous animal adaptations

A
  1. The Black Bear - They have heavy coats for winter; They have long claws to help them climb up trees
  2. The Downy Woodpecker - Reinforced head and sharp beak
64
Q

Dessert location

A
  1. Covers about 20% of the Earth
  2. The Four Major Deserts are:
    ●Hot and Dry
    ●Semiarid
    ●Coastal
    ●Cold
65
Q

Dessert climate

A

1.The weather is not the same in all the deserts
2. Hot and dry seasons
3. All months have an average temperature of 18·C
4. Low Latitude climate
5. Precipitation - The desert receives less than 10 inches of rain a year
● Sometimes the rain evaporates before it hits the ground
● This is the reason for dry characteristics
6. Desert surfaces receive a little more than twice the solar radiation received by humid regions and lose almost twice as much heat at night
7. Temperature
● Annual range - 20°-25°C
● Maximum range - 43.5°-49°C
● Minimum temp - -18°C

66
Q

Dessert plant adaptations

A
  1. The plants has traits that help them survive the harsh environment
  2. The plants in the desert has the ability to collect and store water.
67
Q

Dessert animal adaptations

A
  1. Camel - Hair on the back to protect against sun
  2. Fennec Fox - Large ears help them dissipate body heat on hot days
  3. Kangaroo Rat - Their coloring helps them blend into their habitat

Adv. Biology & Enviornmental Science (6 decks)

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