Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomechanics > Biomechanics Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Biomechanics Quiz 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cartilage: chondrocytes embedded where?

A

within extracellular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cartilage: extracellular matrix is made up of what 2 things and what % each are they?

A
  1. water 60-80% (hyaline)

2. collagen 10-30% (hyaline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which part of extracellular matrix is framework?

A

collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

extracellular matrix functions:

A
  1. protect chondrocytes (inside framework)

2. reduce movement friction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

cartilage: vascular or avascular?

A

avascular – no blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cartilage: what helps diffusion from synovial fluid?

A

joint loading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what aspect of articular cartilage allows it to withstand normal loads?

A

“self-renewing”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how are cartilage fibers laid down?

A

in different directions depending on each layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F … it withstands loads in multiple directions.

A

TRUE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many zones can articular cartilage be divided into?

A

4 zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Under articular cartilage is what bone?

A

Sub-chondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Above articular cartilage is what?

A

synovial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the zone at the very top below synovial fluid?

A

superficial zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cartilage: mechanical behavior resembles what?

A

a sponge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

tendon and ligaments are similar or dissimilar in structure?

A

similar!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tendon + ligaments: made up of what 3 things:

A

water
collagen
elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

tendon and ligaments: % water, % collagen, and % elastin

A

70% water
25% collagen
5% elastin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the main difference between tendons and ligaments?

A

arrangement of collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

tendons are bound together in what direction?

A

parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

ligaments are bound together in what direction?

A

nearly parallel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cartilage is bound together in what direction?

A

mixed arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

tendon + ligament: strength in general

A

both have strong tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how are tendons and ligaments under compression and shear?

A

little resistant to compression and shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

ligaments strength compared to tendon strength

A

less strong under axial tensile loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why ligaments strength compared to tendon strength is less under axial tensile loads?

A

higher amounts of elastin and collagen arrangement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which can carry loads better that are not purely axial and why?

A

ligaments are better because of their collagen arrangement!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what are the 6 forces?

A 
gravity
torque
shear
compression
friction
strain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a force?

A

push and pull of one object on another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what does it mean that forces come in pairs?

A

the force exerted is matched by an equal but opposite directed force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

newton’s third law of reaction:

A

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

force can be described as a vector – what does that mean (3 things)?

A

it has:
magnitude
direction
point of application

32
Q

properties of forces affect 3 things:

A
  1. characteristics of performance
  2. ability
  3. risk of injury
33
Q

what is derived from the vector addition of two or more forces

A

resultant force (net force)

34
Q

what a force actions on an object, there are 2 effects possible:

A
  1. object acceleration

2. object deformation

35
Q

factors that influence whether injury occurs when external force is applied to body:

A
  1. magnitude
  2. direction
  3. area
  4. material properties of loaded body tissues
36
Q

action of forces: make what assumption?

A

often assume forces cause minimal deformation

37
Q

relationship between net force (F), mass (m), and acceleration (a) a center of mass?

what are the units in each?

A

F=ma (Newton’s 2nd law)

N = kg*m/s2

38
Q

Newton’s 1st law

A

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.

39
Q

3 basic types of applied forces

A
  1. compression
  2. tension
  3. shear
40
Q

Compression

A

pressing or squeezing force directed normal (perpendicular) to a surface

DOWN!

41
Q

Tension

A

pulling or stretching force directed normal (perpendicular) to a surface

UP!

42
Q

Shear

A

sliding or tearing force directed parallel to a surface

HORIZONTAL!

43
Q

Bending

A

tension on one side of an object and compression on the other

*Asymmetric!

44
Q

Bending: forces per unit area that are greatest at the surface

A

compressive and tensile

45
Q

torsion - definition. what does it create?

A

Load producing a twisting of an object.

Creates a shear within object.

46
Q

Contact forces - definition

A

Forces pushing or pulling on an object due to contact with another object

NOTE: there will be a contact force anywhere two objects touch

47
Q

Contact forces in biomechanics include:

A
  1. external

2. internal

48
Q

Non-Contact Forces

A

Forces that do not result from direct physical contact (e.g.force of gravity)

49
Q

External Forces:

A

produced by a material in response to an outside energy source

50
Q

A common type of passive force

A

Normal Reaction Force

51
Q

example of Normal Reaction Force

A

Ground Reaction Forces: Human Movement

52
Q

Internal Forces:

A

Forces generated by an internal energy source

53
Q

Draw ground reaction forces

A

** DRAW THEM **
include:
heal strike
push off
toe off
label time axis (x)
% force (y)

54
Q

Ground reaction force resolves into 3 components

A
  1. vertical
  2. antero-posterio
  3. medio-lateral
55
Q

Fr

A

Ground reaction force

Arrow coming up from the bottom of the foot.

56
Q

Fg

A

Force of gravity

Always pushing down.

57
Q

Fd

A

Aerodynamic drag force

Always going against the grain / direction of movement of the body (i.e. if the body is moving forward, the arrow is pointing backward).

58
Q

the dot in the graph of ground reaction forces - the runner

A

The dot is the center of mass of the person / object.

59
Q

Classifying forces – internal forces

A
  1. forces that act within the object or system in motion

2. action and reaction forces act on different parts of the body.

60
Q

Classifying forces – 4 different types of internal forces

A
  1. joint contact
  2. musculotendon
  3. ligament
  4. resultant joint
61
Q

Joint Contact Force: definition and example in body

A

compressive force resulting from bone-on-bone contact (2 articular surfaces)

associated with: load-bearing by skeleton

NOTE: always compressive
EXAMPLE: pelvis and femur contact

62
Q

Musculotendon Force: definition, function, and force produced

A

active and passive forces generated by a muscle-tendon unit

Function: to create / resist movement at joint

Force produced: tensile forces in direction of tendon angle of insertion

63
Q

Ligament Force: definition, function, and force produced

A

passive force produced bystretching of a ligament

Function: to prevent excessive motion at joint

Force produced: when stretched, tensile force on bone at attachment

64
Q

Resultant Joint Force

A

net force acting across ajoint (due to all sources) – sum of all forces acting at joint

NOTE: contact and muscle forces acting at a joint CANNOT be determined individually

*Just add up all the vector arrows and that is what direction the force ultimate goes in

65
Q

Motion definition (kinematics)

A

action or process of a change in position.

66
Q

Moving definition (kinematics)

A

change in position from one point to another.

67
Q

Movement (kinematics)

A

change in position

68
Q

Linear motion

A

“translation” or accessory motion that occurs when all points move the same distance in the same direction, at the same time

69
Q

Angular Motion

A

“rotary motion” or “rotation” that occurs hone all points move in circles (or circle parts) around the same central axis.

basic def:

  1. degrees of freedom
  2. axis of rotation

NOTE: axis is inside or outside the body

70
Q

Angular Kinematics & Motion

A

Movement performed through rotation of the body segments

71
Q

Angular Kinematics & Motion – the body is often analyzed as what?

A

… a collection of rigid, rotating segments linked at the joint centers

72
Q

Measuring Angles - intraradial

A

against the body

73
Q

Measuring Angles - interradial

A

??? within the body? outside the body?

74
Q

Joint Angles

A

Relative angles between adjacent body segments.
OR
Rotation of distal segment relative to proximal

75
Q

joint angle of 0 - what position?

A

anatomical position

Biomechanics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions