Biomechanics Quiz 1 Flashcards
what is biomechanics
study of the structure and function of biological systems; OR
the forces and effects on living systems (Herbert Hatze)
mechanics
forces acting on objects
rigid body mechanics are best suited for what?
describing gross human movement
rigid body mechanics makes what assumption
objects investigated are assumed to be rigid
2 ways to measure rigid body mechanics:
1) statics 2) dynamics
dynamics has what two categories?
1) kinematics 2) kinetics
what are statics
mechanics of objects at rest
what are dynamics
mechanics of in accelerated motion
what is kinematics
the forces that cause changes in motion (description of the motion)
who uses biomechanics?
trainers, PT, OT, physicians, nurses, engineers, researchers
what is biomechanics used for?
improving sports, performance, injury prevention, product design, improving physical functions
ligaments connect:
bone to bone
tendons connect:
muscle to bone
bone function
- mechanical support and protection
- protect vital organs
- housing marrow
bones by shape
long short flat sesamoid irregular
long bones
falanges metacarpals metatarsals tibia fibula
short bones
carpels
tarsals
*
notes: link exceeds its width, no cavity
flat bones
skull
facial bones
sternum
irregular bones
vertebrae
pelvis
clavicle
sesamoid bones
patella
toes + hands
notes: over joint, within a tendon.
sesamoid bones function
protect the tendon, leverage
periosteum outer layer is made up of what type?
fibrous
periosteum inner layer
osteogenic: osteoclasts + osteoblasts
endosteum location
inside medullary cavity
surface of spongy bone and Haversian canals
Sharpee’s fibers function
keeping periosteum adhered to bone
what is periostitis?
inflammation of periosteum
precursor for stress fracture
3 types of cartilage
- hyaline
- fibro
- elastic
what is hyaline cartilage
most abundant joints
what is the function of hyaline cartilage
protect articular surfaces
where is fibrocartilage
meniscus and intervertebral discs
function fo fibrocartilage
shock absorbers
where is elastic cartilage
epiglottis and ears
3 categories of joints
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
what are sutures
lines where different cranial bones bind together
syndesmosis
between radius and ulna that allows twisting
where: tibia + fibula
gomphoses
root of teeth intact
slight movement
cartilaginous joints do what?
located where?
made up of?
allow some movement between bones (minimal)
located at: epiphyseal plate
made up of: hyaline and fibro
synovial joints do what?
located where?
made up of?
provide range of stability
located at: pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
made up of: hyaline and fibro
3 planes of motion
- horizontal
- sagital
- frontal (coronal)
plane of motion that is horizontal:
transverse plane
dynamic type of motion
flexion
static type of motion
extended/flexed
accessory motions: translations
sliding and gliding
hinge joint
uniaxial
notes:
flexion/extension
humero-unal joint (elbox)
pivot joint
uniaxial
notes: radial head meets ulna
saddle joint
biaxial
notes: carpal, metacarpal, and sternoclavicular
fibrous joints
stable-very little movement
notes: sutures, syndesmosis, gomphoses
long bone geometry
TOP: proximal epiphysis (spongey bone)
MIDDLE: diaphysis / medullary (compact bone)
BOTTOM: distal epiphysis
plane joint
located?
non-axial
planar and gliding
located: between carpals and tarsals
