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z:2016 - Enggen140 > Biomechanics - Musculoskeletal system > Flashcards

Biomechanics - Musculoskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the musculoskeletal system?

A

Skeletal system, synovial joints, muscular system

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2
Q

What is an endoskeleton?

A

When the bone and cartilage are buried within the soft tissue

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3
Q

What is the skeletal type in which organisms have a hard outer layer called?

A

Exoskeleton

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4
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

Rigid levers

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5
Q

What is synovial joint?

A

the linkage system

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6
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

force production

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7
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Hematopoiesis (red cell production), mineral storage (FYI particularly calcium and phosphorous), protection of vital organs (e.g. rib cage) and support and motion

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8
Q

How many new red blood cells are made every day?

A

~500 billion

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9
Q

How much of the bodies calcium is stored in the bones?

A

90%

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10
Q

How many bones does an adult human have?

A

206

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11
Q

How are our bones connected?

A

They are either fused or connected by joints (synovial joints)

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12
Q

How are joints characterised?

A

By they functional degrees of freedom

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13
Q

What does degrees of freedom refer to?

A

How many different directions joints can move

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14
Q

What are the tissues that make up human bones?

A

Cartilage, spongy bone, compact bone, central cavity, yellow bone marrow, fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels

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15
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Porous structure

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16
Q

What are the structural properties of compact bone? what does it do?

A

It is dense and strong, provides structural support and produces red blood cells

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17
Q

What is yellow bone marrow?

A

Mostly fat cells

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18
Q

What is fibrous connective tissue?

A

Collagen fibres and cells producing new bone tissue

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19
Q

What is the structural strength of bone related to?

A

The microstructure alignment of cortical and trabecular spongy bone and the calcification of the spongy bones

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20
Q

What happens if the spongy bone is not well calcified?

A

It remains spongy and doesn’t have structural strength

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21
Q

What is Wolff’s law of bone remodelling?

A

Bone undergoes active remodelling in response to its local mechanic environment

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22
Q

How much bone remodels every year?

A

~10% a year

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23
Q

What are some examples of bone remodelling?

A

Humeral torsion in throwing athletes (e.g. bones in arm rotate to aid in throwing force), in microgravity bone density decreases

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24
Q

What is articular cartilage and what is its function?

A

Covers the end of bones and provides frictionless contact between the joints

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25
Q

What is the composition of articular cartilage?

A

70% water, 25% collage fibres and 5% proteoglycans

26
Q

What are proteoglycans? What is their function?

A
  • negatively charged molecules that retain water
  • enable water to distribute forces more evenly in the articular cartilage, without these the collage fibres takes the load which results in insufficient padding for bone
27
Q

What is the function of the collagen fibres?

A

Hold the cartilage together as there is so much water being held it is almost bursting

28
Q

What is degeneration of the cartilage called?

A

osteoarthritis

29
Q

How are skeletal muscles attached to the bone?

A

By tendons

30
Q

What does muscle activity respond to?

A

inputs from the nervous system

31
Q

What is the action of a muscle always?

A

to contract

32
Q

What does skeletal muscles consist of? What is their arrangement? What are they surrounded by?

A

bundles of long muscle fibres that run parallel to the length of the muscles that are surrounded by connective tissue

33
Q

How do muscle fibre cells differ from normal cells?

A

they don’t have a nucleus

34
Q

What is each muscle fibre made of? What is their appearance?

A

Muscle fibres is made of smaller subunits of myofibrils and they have a striped/striated appearance

35
Q

What creates the striped appearance of myofibrils?

A

alternation thick filaments and thin filaments

36
Q

What are the thick and thin filaments?

A 
Thick = Myosin protein
Thin = actin protein
37
Q

What do the repeating units of bands form? What is their function?

A

Sarcomeres and are the muscles contracting unit

38
Q

What are the structures of skeletal muscle in decreasing size from muscle tissue?

A

Muscle tissue, fascicle (bundles of muscle fibres), muscle fibres, myofibril, sarcomere, thick and thin consign and actin filaments

39
Q

What is the model used to describe how muscle contract? What is the basics of it?

A

Sliding filament model where thick and thin filaments slide past each other longitudinally

40
Q

What is the process of muscle contraction via sliding filament model?

A

1 - ATP binding releases myosin from actin
2 - Myosin head goes from a low to a high energy state when ATP hydrolysis supplies energy changing its shape
3 - Myosin attaches to actin forming a cross-bridge
4 - Energy is used to slide acting filament and myosin return to low energy stat releasing ADP + P ion

41
Q

How many times a second can a myosin head undergo this sliding filament model?

A

5 times per second

42
Q

How many myosin heads does each thick filament have?

A

about 350 per filament

43
Q

What is the optimal fibre length for a muscle? what does it mean?

A

It is where a muscle produces an optimal amount of force which occurs at its mid range of operating length

44
Q

What happens when the muscle fibre is too short of long?

A

When muscle fibre is too short sarcomere can’t slide past each other
when it is too long it loses potential binding sites

45
Q

How much force can muscle produce?

A

30N of force per cm2 of muscles

46
Q

What makes the optimal fibre length the best length for maximum force?

A

It is where the maximum number of cross-bridges exist between myosin and actin

47
Q

What is muscle force production proportional to?

A

The physiological cross-seciontal area (PCSA) of the muscle fibres (e.g. then umber of sarcomeres in parallel)_

48
Q

How can muscle produce different force?

A

If it is undergoing active shortening or lengthening

49
Q

When is the muscle moving at its fastest velocity?

A

When it is at zero muscle force

50
Q

When is the muscle producing the least force?

A

When it is moving fastest

51
Q

When is the muscle moving slowest and producing most force?

A

As the muscle is lengthening

52
Q

Where is damage most likely to occur? what is this called?

A

When the muscle is lengthening, called hypertrophy

53
Q

Why is producing the most speed when there is least power and vice verse?

A

When muscle contracts faster less cross bridges form between filament so less power, when muscle contracts slower more cross bridges form between filaments so more power

54
Q

What is power?

A

Force X velocity

55
Q

when does maximum power occur?

A

At a point around mediums velocity and medium force

56
Q

What is the difference between ligaments and tendons?

A

Tendons transfer forces from muscle to bone

Ligaments connect bone to bone

57
Q

What is the composition of tendons and ligaments?

A

~60% water

dry weight = ~75% collage, 1-3% elastin and 1-2% proteoglycan

58
Q

What do both tendon and ligaments do?

A

resist tonsil loads (e.g. stretch)

59
Q

How does the orientation of collagen fibre affect tendons and ligaments?

A

Determines the primary direction of tonsil resistance

60
Q

What is mechanic behaviour mostly dependent of?

A

Cross-Sectional area (e.g. larger size = bigger cross sectional area)

61
Q

What are the mechanical functions of tendons? give some figures

A

Store and return elastic energy during locomotion: return ~90% of energy used to stretch it which saves ~50% of metabolic cost

62
Q

In skeletal loads, what are the calculations necessary to determine the forces exerted on the joints?

A 
Fx = 0
Fy = 0 
∑M = 0

z:2016 - Enggen140 (20 decks)

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