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z:2016 - Enggen140 > Biomechanics - basic principles > Flashcards

Biomechanics - basic principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

The study of biological form of an organism

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of the biological function of an organisms structure from the cell to the whole body

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3
Q

How does anatomy and physiology fit together?

A

The anatomy of an organism (e.g. structure) fits its physiology (e.g. function)

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4
Q

What is the factor that affects animal structure? What are some examples

A

The laws of physics the govern flow, diffusion, heat exchange, strength and motion
-eg flying insects limited in size due to O2 demand, aquatic animals are streamlined to reduce drag

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5
Q

What is the rate of exchange of matter/energy prpoprotptional to?

A

Surface area

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6
Q

What is the amount of matter/energy proportional to?

A

Volume

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7
Q

How does the exchange of material differ between single celled and multi celled organisms?

A

Single celled organism operate purely by diffusion directly with the external environment, multi celled organism have complex organ systems to facilitate diffusion

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8
Q

What is the structural organisation of animals? Use the heart as an example

A 
1 - Cellular level, e.g. muscle cell
2 - Tissue level, e.g. cardiac tissue
3 - organ level, e.g. heart
4 - organ system level, e.g. respiratory system
5 - organism level, e.g. animal
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9
Q

What are the four types of primary tissue?

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

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10
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

The tissue that cover the outside and inside of body and organs

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11
Q

What is epithelial tissue made of? Why?

A

Tightly packed cell to prevent the free flow of matter in a and out of the body/tissue

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12
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Creates internal environment to prevent injury, microbes, fluid loss from entering freely
  • Absorption and secretion of chemical substances
  • Sensor function
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13
Q

How does the epithelial tissue sensor vary from the inside and outside of the body?

A 
Outside = pressure, temp etc
Inside = pH, temp, ion concentration --> to help regulate normal bodily functions
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14
Q

What are the two types of proteins found in extracellular matrix? What else does it have in the matrix?

A
  • Collagen and Elastin

- protein-carbohydrate complexes

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15
Q

What is connective tissue? What does it do?

A
  • Cells spread throughout an extracellular matrix

- Provide support and rigidity to the other components inside the body

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16
Q

What is collagen?

A

A rigid protein that creates the strength and rigidity to tissue

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17
Q

What is elastin?

A

A flexible protein that creates the elasticity and resilience to the tissue

18
Q

How do combinations of collage and elastin affect the properties of tissue?

A

Combinations of each give the function properties of tissue (e.g. the specific elasticity or rigidity of the tissue so more elastin = more flexible etc.)

19
Q

What does elastin and collagen do when a tensile force is applied?

A

they stretch

20
Q

Does collagen or elastin need more force to stretch a certain distance?

A

Collage needs more force

21
Q

What is strain hardening?

A

It is when biological tissue is strained beyond its yield point so that it deforms and when it recovers becomes more resilient to deformation

22
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose connective tissue
  • Adipose tissue
  • Blood
  • Fibrous connective tissue
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
23
Q

What is loose connective tissue? Where is it located? what does it do?

A
  • Loose network of fibres randomly scattered, fills space and provides packing
  • Under the skin
  • Holds organs is place
24
Q

What does adipose tissue do?

A

Stores fat

25
Q

What does blood do? How does this make it a connective tissue?

A
  • Transport red and white blood cells, platelets and dissolved nutrients/waste
  • Connective as without it the blood would not be transportable
26
Q

What are fibrous connective tissue? What do they do?

A
  • Dense network of fibres parallel to each other

- connect bones to muscles (tendons) and other bones (ligaments)

27
Q

What is cartilage? What does it do? Where is it in the body?

A
  • Rubbery matrix
  • Distributes loads and provides lubrication
  • Joints and outer ear (provides mild structural support without the rigidity of bone)
28
Q

What is the bone? What does it do?

A
  • Rigid matrix of calcium-containing minerals

- Supports body weight and creates structural integrity

29
Q

What is muscle tissue (biologically)?

A

Elongated cells with proteins arranged so that a signal from a nerve cell can stimulate contraction

30
Q

How are muscle cells arranged to create muscle tissue?

A

Bundled together to form muscle fibres, bundled fibres form muscle tissue

31
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
  • Smooth muscle
32
Q

Where is skeletal muscle in the body? What is its function? What is its physical description?

A
  • attached to the bones (by tendons FYI)
  • allows contraction to move the skeleton
  • It is striated (striped)
33
Q

Where is cardiac muscle in the body? What is its function? What is its physical description?

A
  • In the heart ONLY
  • to create a co-ordinate heart beat
  • striated muscle with special areas of contact so that contraction signal is propagated to all muscle cells
34
Q

Where is smooth muscle in the body? What is its function? What is its physical description? What is special about its arrangement in the body that aides its function?

A
  • Found in the digestive tract
  • to provide muscular action to the digestive, reproductive, urinary systems, blood vessels and bronchioles
  • Has no striations
  • It is overlapped so that there is even contraction, muscle and cardiac are aligned in one direction for contraction in one direction
35
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

Tissue that sense stimulus and enables communication between different parts of the body using electrical signals (nerve impulses)

36
Q

What are the two types of nervous tissue?

A
  • Neurons

- Glial cells

37
Q

What do neurons do?

A

Generate and transmit nerve impulses

38
Q

What do glial cells do?

A

Protect, insulate and nourish neurons

39
Q

What happens to neurons when glial cells are damaged/die? Why is this? What medical condition is linked with a reduction in glial cells?

A
  • The neuron will die as it is not being nourished anymore

- Stroke victims have less glial cells

40
Q

What is an organ?

A

A structure that is made up of at least two, if not all four, primary tissue types

z:2016 - Enggen140 (20 decks)

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