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z:2016 - Enggen140 > Biomechanics - Circulation > Flashcards

Biomechanics - Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is an essential function of all organisms to allow for bodily functions to operate?

A

Organisms need to be able to obtain materials from and dispose of waste into the environment and do these for all cells in their body

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2
Q

What are the two methods of getting resources into and out of the body?

A
  • Simple diffusion

- Circulatory system

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3
Q

What is simple diffusion? What kind of animals use these?

A
  • All of the organisms cells are in direct contact with the environment allowing for substance to move in an out of the organisms by diffusion
  • Small simple animals
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4
Q

What is a circulatory system? What kind of animal use these?

A
  • Where the inputs and outputs of an organism and delivered to cells by an internal system and most of the cells are not directly exposed to the environment
  • Larger more complex animals
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5
Q

What are the main components of a circulatory system?

A
  • Central pump (e.g. heart)
  • Circulating fluid (e.g. blood)
  • System of vessels (e.g. blood vessels)
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6
Q

What are the two types of circulatory system?

A
  • Open circulatory system

- Closed circulatory system

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7
Q

What is the simplest circulatory system? What kind of animal has this? How does it work? Why is it called open?

A
  • Open circulatory system
  • Invertebrates
  • As the insect moves it create internal pressure difference ∴ aid the movement and diffusion of interstitial fluid
  • There is no difference between blood and interstitial fluid
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8
Q

What is the more complicated circulatory system? What kind of animals has this? How does it work? Why is it called closed?

A
  • Closed circulatory system
  • Vertebrates
  • Where a muscular pump pushes the blood around the body mechanically pumping the blood around the body
  • The blood is separated from interstitial fluid as it is carried by blood vessels
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9
Q

What are the two kinds of closed circulatory system?

A
  • Single circulatory system

- Double circulatory system

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10
Q

What is the single circulatory system? what animal is it found it?

A
  • Where the heart consists of two chambers, a single atrium and ventricle, which then pumps blood through gill capillaries where O2 is absorbed and CO2 removed, then pumped around the rest of the body
  • Fish
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11
Q

What is the double circulatory system? what animal is it found in?

A
  • Where oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped by seperate sides of the heart into and out of the lungs
  • Mammals
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12
Q

What is the main difference between single and double circulatory system?

A

Single pumps blood around the body using only one ventricle and atrium where O2/CO2 gets absorbed/removed from capillaries directly in contract with the enviro, Double pumps blood using two ventricles and atriums and O2/CO2 gets absorbed/removed from lungs

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13
Q

What is the structure of the human heart (double circulatory system) and the basic function of each part?

A

two upper atria (singular atrium) that receive blood and two lower ventricles that pump blood, right side receives/pumps O2 poor blood from body to lungs, left side receives/pumps O2 rich blood from lungs to body

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14
Q

What are atrioventricular valves?

A

valves that sallow blood to flow from atrium to ventricle but stop (normally) blood flowing back the other way

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15
Q

What operates in higher pressure, the atrium or ventricles? why?

A

Atrium because they only receive blood, not pump it

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16
Q

What is one way the valves are optimised to allow max blood flow?

A

Large valve size

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17
Q

What are the terms for the contraction and relaxation of the heart?

A 
Contraction = systole
Relaxation = diastole
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18
Q

What is the heart rate?

A

The number of beats per minute (e.g. pulse)

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19
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped in a a single contraction

20
Q

What is the equation for stroke volume?

A

SV (stroke volume) = EDV (end diastolic volume, blood in ventricles at end of relaxation) – ESV (end systolic volume, blood in ventricles at end of contraction)

21
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped into the systemic circuit per minute

22
Q

What is cardiac output a product of? what is the equation for it?

A
  • Depends on the stroke volume and stroke rate

- Cardiac output (per min) = Heart rate * stroke volume

23
Q

What are the processes of the cardiac cycle? How does volume and pressure change?

A

1 - AV (atrioventricular) valve opens and left ventricle starts to fill with blood, semilunar valve (aorta valve) closes: V = +, P = small +
2 - AV valve closes ventricle contracts: V = 0, P = +
3 - Semilunar value opens and blood ejects into aorta, ventricle still contracting: V = -, P = +
4 - semilunar valve closes and ventricle contracts: V = 0, P = -

24
Q

When the blood is ejected into the aorta, why does the pressure still increase?

A

The ventricle is still systolic exerting pressure on the blood

25
Q

What is the stroke work?

A

The work done by the heart during a cardiac cycle

26
Q

How do you calculate the stroke work?

A

The area in the volume loop diagram, e.g. ∆V (m^3) * ∆P (Nm-2)

27
Q

How do you work out the cardiac power?

A

Work * heart rate per second (NOT pulse as this is per min)

28
Q

What does more work, the right or left ventricle? Why

A

The left ventricle as it undergoes a larger pressure change

29
Q

What are the trees types of blood vessels? What is the function of them?

A
  • Arteries, veins and capillaries

- connect the heart to the entire body

30
Q

What do arteries do? What is their structure? What is the purpose of this?

A
  • Carry blood AWAY from the heart
  • have thick outer layer of elastic connective tissue and thick smooth muscle layer between the connective tissue and epithelium
  • provides strength and elasticity require to transport high pressure blood
31
Q

How do arteries change as they get closer to organs?

A

Branch into smaller arterioles

32
Q

What do capillaries do? What is their structure? What is the purpose of this?

A
  • transfer materials to the individual cells
  • Have one cell thick wall of epithelium with microscopic pore wall
  • increases SA:V ratio to maximise the rate of material transfer
33
Q

What do Veins do? What is their structure? What is the purpose of this?

A
  • Carry blood back to the heart
  • have layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue but thinner walls with one way valves
  • allows veins to expand and collet low pressure blood and valves prevent back flow of deoxygenated blood
34
Q

How do the veins change as they get closer to the heart?

A

Begin as branding network of smaller venues that meets with veins

35
Q

What kind of tissue do veins pass through, why and how is this important?

A
  • Veins pass through muscle tissue
  • As muscles contract it aids the pumping of blood back to the heart
  • Important in the transportation of blood back from the extremities at low pressure
36
Q

What is the equation to calculate blood pressure?

A

BP = CO * TPR

  • BP = blood pressure (mm Hg)
  • CO = Cardiac output
  • TPR = total peripheral resistance
37
Q

What affects the blood flow and pressure?

A

The physical laws governing movement of fluids through pipes

38
Q

How does the velocity change with pipe width? Why is this?

A

As the pipe become narrower the resistance increases so the velocity decrases

39
Q

How does the velocity of blood change in the arteries, capillaries and veins? Relate this to diameter of pipe and pressure

A
  • Arteries = fast as very high pressure, medium width pipe
  • Capillaries = very slow, low pressure and low width
  • Veins = medium, low pressure but wide pipe
40
Q

Why is blood flow in the capillaries needed to be so slow?

A

To allow for the exchange of materials between blood and cells

41
Q

What is true for all veins?

A

All veins carry blood toward the heart

42
Q

What kind of circulatory system do mammals have?

A

Closed double circulatory system

43
Q

Why is blood pressure higher during systole than diastole?

A

Contraction of the heart during systole increase the blood pressure, relaxation in diastole decrease blood pressure

44
Q

In animals with closed circulatory system gas exchange happens across the thin wall of ______

A

Capillaries

45
Q

In animals with open circulatory system gas exchange happens in what kind of blood vessel?

A

Trick question, it doesn’t happen across blood vessels, instead the interstitial fluid is pumped into the space between cells where exchange occurs

z:2016 - Enggen140 (20 decks)

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