Biomechanics Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
The neutral body position facing forward with the arms at the sides of the body and palms and toes pointing straight ahead.
What is biomechanics?
The study of the mechanical laws governing movement of living organisms.
What is kinesiology?
The study of the mechanics of human movement.
What is the anterior position?
Front of the body or toward the front relative to another reference point.
What is the posterior position?
Back of the body or toward the back relative to another reference point.
What is the medial position?
Position relatively closer to the midline of the body.
What is the lateral position?
Position relatively farther from the midline of the body.
What is the prone position?
Lying facedown.
What is the supine position?
Lying on one’s backside
What is unilateral?
Refers to only one side.
What is bilateral?
Refers to both sides.
What is ipsilateral?
On the same side.
What is contralateral?
On the opposite side.
What is abduction?
Movent away from the midline.
What is adduction?
Movement toward the midline.
What is flexion?
Movement decreasing the angle between two body parts.
What is extension?
Movement increasing the angle between two body parts.
What is lateral flexion?
Flexion in the frontal plane.
What is protraction?
Abduction of the scapula.
What is retraction?
Adduction of the scapula.
What is plantar flexion?
Extension of the foot downward (inferiorly)
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexion of the foot upward (superiorly)
What is external rotation?
Rotation movement away from the midline.
What is internal rotation?
Rotational movement toward the midline.
What is circumduction?
Circular movement of a limb extending from the joint where movement is controlled.
What is inversion?
Movement of the sole of the foot toward the median plane.
What is eversion?
Movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane.
What is pronation?
Turning the palm or arch of the foot down.
What is supination?
Turning the palm or arch of the foot up.
What is hyperextension?
Position that extends beyond anatomical neutral.
What are anatomical planes of motion?
Used to describe direction of movement.
What is the frontal plane?
An imaginary line that divides the body into anterior and posterior halves.
Example:
- trunk lateral flexion amd extension
- scapula depression
- scapula elevation
- scapula upward rotation
- scapula fownward rotation
What is the sagittal plane?
An imaginary line the divides the body into left and right halves.
Example:
- knee flexion amd extension
- trunk flexion and extension
- shoulder flexion and extension
What is the transverse plane?
An imaginary line that divides the body into inferior and superior halves.
Example:
- torso rotation
- head and neck rotation
- scapular retraction
- scapular protraction
What is center of gravity?
The hypothetical position in the body where the combined mass appears to be concentrated and the point around which gravity appears to act.
What is dynamic balance?
The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body and /or arms and legs are in motion.
What is static balance?
The ability to remain upright and balanced when the body is at rest.
What is joint mobility?
The degree of movement around a joint before movement is restricted by surrounding tissues.
What is joint stability?
The ability of the muscles around a joint to control movement or hold the joint in a fixed (stable) position.
What are levers?
A rigid bar rotating around an axis (fulcrum) or fixed point when force is applied to one end.
Within the body, the bones are the levers, the joints are the axis (fulcrum), and the muscles contract to apply force.
What is a First Class Level?
The fulcrum (axis) is located between the effort (the muscle that contracts to produce the movement) and the load (resistance).
Example: tricep extension.
What is a second class lever?
The load (resistance;the weight of the person) is located between the fulcrum (axis) and the effort (the muscle that contracts to produce the movement).
Example: Plantarflexion
What is a third class lever?
The effort (muscle being contracted to produce movement) is between the fulcrum (axis), and the load (resistance)
Example: bicep curl
What is the origin?
The origin of a muscle is where it attaches to a bone, closest to the midline of the body (proximal)
What is the insertion?
The distal (farther from the midline) muscular attachment point to a bone.
What is agonist muscle?
The primary muscle used for a mechanical movement.
What is the antagonist muscle?
Muscle(s) opposing the mechanical movement of a prime mover.
What are synergists?
Muscle(s) supporting the mechanical movement of a prime mover.
What are the bone/muscles in the upper arm?
Biceps brachii
- long head
- short head
- Brachialis
Triceps brachii
- long head
- layeral head
- medial head
What are the bone/muscles of the shoulder?
Bones:
- Humerus
- Clavicle
Muscles:
- Anterior deltoid
- Lateral deltoid
- Posterior deltoid
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Subscapularis
- Teres minor
What are the muscles of the back?
- Trapezius
- Latissimus dorsi
- External obliques
- Semispinalis capitis
- Semispinalis cervicis
- Quadratus lumborum
- Rhomboid minor
- Rhomboid major
- Multifidus
- Spinalis
- Longissimus
- Iliocostalis
What are the muscles of the midsection?
- pectoralis major
- serratus anterior
- external oblique
- internal oblique
- rectus abdominus
- transverse abdominis
- linea alba
- linea semilunaris
- rectus sheath
- quadratus lumborum
- psoas
- erector spinae
What are the muscles of the chest
What are the muscles of the upper leg and hips?
- psoas
- Iliacus
- gluteus medius
- gluteus maximus
- gluteus minimus
- tensor fasciae latae
- sartorius
- adductor longus
- gracilis
- rectus femoris
- vastus laterus
- vastus medialis
- biceps femoris
- semitendinosus
- semimembranosus
What are the muscles of the lower leg?
- tibialis anterior
- peroneus longus
- extensor digitorum longus
- extensor hallucis longus
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- peroneus brevis
- tibialis posterior
