Biology Unit Test Flashcards
Mitosis
Division of the contents of the nucleus. PMAT - Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Interphase
Longest stage in cell cycle, not a resting stage, DNA is in a very long, thin, invisible strand called chromatin. DNA strand is duplicated. More organelles are formed.
Shoot
Above ground, elevates plant, functions are photosynthesis, reproduction, dispersal, food, and water conduction.
Root
Usually underground, anchors the plant in the soil, absorbs and conducts water and nutrients, food storage.
Organelles
A cell structure that performs a specific function for the cell
Finding DNA
DNA can be found in the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell.
Cell theory
All living things are made of one or more cells. The cell is the basic organizational unit of life. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Organelles only in plant cells
Cell wall, Chloroplasts, Vacuole (one large instead of many tiny)
Organelles only in animal cells
Centrosomes and lysosomes.
Levels of biological organization
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
Red Blood Cells
Small, disk-shaped blood cells which make up 1/2 of blood volume and carry oxygen to organs, produced in bone marrow, and hemoglobin contains/carries blood cells and O2.
White Blood Cells
Fight bacteria and viruses, only blood cell with a nucleus, less than 1% of blood volume.
Tissue
A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit. Intercellular matrix, fills the spaces between the cells. Four types are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
Chlorplasts
Absorb light energy; used in the process of photosynthesis. CO2 and water and turned into glucose and oxygen.
Benign Tumor
A tumour that does not affect surrounding tissues other than by physically crowding them.
Metastasis
The process of cancer cells breaking away from the original tumour and establishing another (secondary) tumour elsewhere.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create oxygen and energy in the form of sugar.
Xylem
Water-conducting tissue with thick cell walls that transport water and minerals from roots; mature and die, leaving behind hollow cells.
Phloem
Food-conducting tissue with thin cell walls that transport sugar and other products up and down. The two types are sieve-tube elements and companion cells.
Endoscopy
Used to screen for colon cancer, cable with a light and camera.
X-Ray
Used to view parts of the body like bones and lungs, a mammogram is a specialized x-ray for breast tissue.
Ultrasound
Uses high-frequency sound waves to create digital images, used to view soft tissue like heart or liver.
CT scan
X-ray from multiple angles, can view body parts unable to be seen with regular x-ray scans.
MRI
Radio waves and a magnetic field create a 3D model. Used to view bones, cancer, and is the most detailed view.
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides, producing two identical daughter cells. In plant cells, a cell plate forms into a new cell wall between the two daughter cells. In animal cells, the cell membrane is pinched in the center (cleavage furrow).
Aorta
Main artery leading away from heart.
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart, thick walls to withstand greater pressure, branch into smaller arterioles.
Veins
Carry blood toward the heart, lower pressure, not as thick, valves prevent backflow, branch into smaller venules.
Capillaries
Link arteries and veins together. Thin walls allow substances to diffuse from the blood to surrounding tissue.
RBC
Too many = blood clots
Too little = Anemia
WBC
Too many = May have an infection, cancer or autoimmune disorders.
Too little = vulnerable/compromised immune system
Plasma
Too much = may have Plasma cell neoplasms which can be benign or malignant.
Too little = malnutrition, kidney or liver disease.
Platelets
Too many = blood clots, bleeding, bruising.
Too little = Excessive internal bleeding.
Prophase
Long strands of DNA condense into a compact form referred to as chromosomes (consist of two identical strands called sister chromatids). Sister chromatids are held together by a centromere. Nuclear membrane dissolves, nucleolus disappears, spindle fibres form from the centrosome (cellular structure involved in cell division)
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell, spindle fibres stretch all the way from centrosome to centrosome, chromosomes attach to spindle fibres at their centromere, easiest stage to recognize under the microscope
Anaphase
Centromere splits, spindle fibres retract, each pulling a chromatid towards one end of the cell, sister chromatids separate, now called “daughter chromosomes” (They move to opposite poles of the cell). Under a microscope, daughter chromosomes appear to be pulled apart.
Telophase
Daughter chromosomes stretch out, become thinner and are no longer visible. Nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes, cell appears to have two nuclei, nucleolus appears. The rest of the cell is ready to divide
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