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Science 10 > Biology Unit Final > Flashcards

Biology Unit Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the formula for estimating actual size

A

field diameter/fit number

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2
Q

what is the formula for scale

A

actual size/drawing size

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3
Q

who disproved spontaneous generation and how

A

Louis Pasteur; bent the neck of the flasks in his experiment so that air could reach the broth but microorganisms and other particles would be caught in the s bend

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4
Q

what does staining a cell do

A

improve contrast between internal structures to produce better images

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5
Q

what is resolution

A

ability to distinguish detail within a structure

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6
Q

what are the 3 components of the cell theory

A

all living things are made up of one or more cells, cells are the smallest units of life, all cells are produced from pre-existing cells through cell division

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7
Q

what is an open system

A

one that must interact with its environment to maintain its existence

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8
Q

what is the difference between a simple and a compound microscope

A

simple has one lens whereas a compound has 2 or more

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9
Q

what are lysosomes

A

sacs containing chemicals to digest molecules

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10
Q

whats the Golgi apparatus

A

transports substances from ER out of the cell

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11
Q

whats the cell membrane

A

selectively permeable membrane that acts as a protective barrier for the cell and controls what goes in and out of it

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12
Q

whats the mitochondria

A

place where cellular respiration occurs to produce energy for the cell

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13
Q

what are centrioles

A

pairs that move toward the poles of the nucleus to start cell division

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14
Q

what are ribosomes

A

granules where proteins are produced

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15
Q

whats the nucleus

A

control center of the cell containing DNA and genetic material of the cell

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16
Q

whats the cell wall

A

rigid frame that provides strength and support to plant cells

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17
Q

whats cytoplasm

A

gel-like substance that contains nutrients and suspends the organelles

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18
Q

what are chloroplasts

A

contain chlorophyll and are the sight of photosynthesis

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19
Q

whats the vacuole

A

stores waste and other components in the cell

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20
Q

whats the nuclear envelope

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus

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21
Q

what does smooth ER do

A

help produce lipids

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22
Q

what does rough ER do

A

help with protein synthesis

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23
Q

what are the major elements making up a cell

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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24
Q

what are the four major compounds in a cell

A

lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and water

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25
Q

what are trace elements

A

things present in tiny amounts that are essential to the health of the cell

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26
Q

3 similarities between plant and animal cells are

A

cell membrane, cytoskeleton made up of proteins and lipids, genetic material (DNA)

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27
Q

5 differences between plant and animal cells

A

animal cells have centrioles, animal cells have lysosomes, plants have cell wall, plants have chlorophyll, plants have a large central vacuole

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28
Q

what do all cells contain no matter their type

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes and ribosomes

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29
Q

what are prokaryotes

A

single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

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30
Q

what are eukaryotes

A

cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles that work together to help the cell function

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31
Q

what is the other name for the cell membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer

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32
Q

whats an integral protein

A

goes throughout whole cell membrane

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33
Q

whats peripheral protein

A

rests more on the side of the membrane

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34
Q

what do carbohydrates do in cell membrane

A

act as a physical barrier and signal to the cell what’s good or bad

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35
Q

what does cholesterol do in cell membrane

A

regulates how fluid it is

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36
Q

what do glycoproteins do

A

stabilize cell

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37
Q

what organelle is responsible for transport

A

cell membrane

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38
Q

what’s included in the particle model

A

all matter is made up of particles, particles are constantly moving, particles are attracted to each other, particles have spaces between them

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39
Q

whats concentration

A

amount of a specific particle

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40
Q

whats diffusion

A

natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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41
Q

what does diffusion do in a cell

A

allows needed substances to enter and keeps other substances outside as well s removes waste to maintain cellular equilibrium

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42
Q

what determines the passage of materials through the cell membrane

A

molecule size, charge and whether they are soluble in lipids

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43
Q

whats osmosis

A

movement of water molecules from high water concentration to low water concentration

44
Q

whats hypertonic and what happens to the cell in this environment

A

a solution that has a higher concentration of solute meaning there is less water than that in a cell causing water to leave the cell, making it shrink

45
Q

whats hypotonic and what happens to the cell in this environment

A

a solution that has a lower concentration of solute meaning there is mroe water than that in the cell causing water to enter the cell, making it swell

46
Q

whats isotonic and what happens to a cell in this environment

A

a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as that in the cell, making there no net movement of water molecules

47
Q

what is the ideal state for a cell

A

isotonic

48
Q

whats osmoregulation

A

control of water balance and the tendency of water to move into the plant cell to create pressure

49
Q

whats crenation

A

process of losing water and shrinking in animal cells

50
Q

whats cytolysis

A

swelling and bursting of animal cells

51
Q

whats plasmolysis

A

cell membrane of plant cell shrinks away from the cell wall due to a hypertonic environment

52
Q

whats deplasmolysis

A

rehydration of plant cell due to hypotonic environment

53
Q

what’s facilitated diffusion

A

channels that allow small water-soluble molecules to pass through the membrane

54
Q

whats active transport

A

the use of energy to transport something against the concentration gradient

55
Q

what happens in endocytosis

A

a vesicle forms around the particle and the cell membrane pinches it off so that the vesicle is inside the cell

56
Q

what happens in exocytosis

A

a vesicle forms around the material and is brought to the surface of the cell membrane where it is released outside the cell

57
Q

what do recognition proteins do

A

allow cells to recognize each other

58
Q

what do receptor proteins do

A

bind specifically with certain molecules to bring them into the cell by endocytosis

59
Q

whats insulin

A

small protein that stimulates the rate of movement of glucose into the cells

60
Q

what happens in hemodialysis

A

blood is removed from the body, cleansed in a special machine and then returned to the body

61
Q

what happens in peritoneal dialysis

A

dialysate fluid is pumped into a catheter and as it becomes saturated with waste it is removed from the body and new dialysate fluid is added

62
Q

whats desalination

A

process of removing salt from seawater

63
Q

why is it better for cells to be smaller

A

there is less travel time between the sruface of the cell and the nucleus, making them more efficient and increasing the ability for transport

64
Q

what has to happen for the most efficient transport within a cell

A

cell must have a large surface area in relation to its volume

65
Q

whats a tissue

A

groups of cells performing the same function together

66
Q

name and define the two organ systems in plants

A

shoot system - everything above ground

root system - everything underground

67
Q

what is the dermal tissue/epidermis and what does it do

A

out layer of plant cells that protect the plant from disease and is responsible for the exchange of matter and gasses in and out of the plant

68
Q

whats ground tissue

A

it makes up the majority of the plant and is found as a layer beneath the epidermis

69
Q

what is vascular tissue responsible for

A

transport of materials throughout the plant

70
Q

whats the xylem do

A

move water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves where they are used in photosynthesis

71
Q

what is the xylem made of

A

non-living cell wall cells

72
Q

what does the phloem do

A

transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant

73
Q

what is the phloem made of

A

sieve tubes

74
Q

what are sieve tubes

A

cells that are still alive but have lost their nucleus

75
Q

what is merismatic tissue

A

unspecialized cells that can be divided infinitely to produce new cells

76
Q

what happens when cells are no longer a part of the meristem area

A

they become specialized for a particular function

77
Q

what is the leaf

A

a collection of tissues whose main purpose is to carry out and support the process of photosynthesis

78
Q

where are cells containing chloroplasts found

A

in the ground tissue of leaves and sometimes in stems

79
Q

what is photosynthesis and what is the word equation for it

A

a chemical rxn in which light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy that is stored as glucose

H2O + CO2 + light + chlorophyll = glucose and O2

80
Q

what is cytoplasmic steaming

A

movement of chloroplasts

81
Q

what is the opposite of photosynthesis

A

cellular respiration

82
Q

what’s the purpose of cellular respiration

A

produces energy needed by the cell to carry out life processes

83
Q

can photosynthesis happen in the dark

A

no; the plant stops manufacturing food but the process of cellular respiration continues

84
Q

what are guard cells

A

specialized cells. that form tiny openings called stomata that allow gas exchange to happen easily

85
Q

what do the stomata do

A

regulate the movement of gas

86
Q

how do guard cells open

A

they accumulate potassium which causes water to enter by osmosis, resulting in them swelling up and open

87
Q

what’s the purpose of guard cells

A

to allow fas flow and protect the leaves from losing too much water through the stomata

88
Q

whats transpiration

A

process of water vapour leaving the leaf through the stomata

89
Q

whats the cuticle and what does it do

A

waxy substance that resists attack from microorganisms and helps to reduce water loss

90
Q

whats mesophyll

A

specialized ground tissues located between the upper and lower epidermis

91
Q

what are the two types of mesophyll tissue

A

palisade and spongy

92
Q

whats palisade mesophyll tissue

A

long rectangular cells responsible for photosynthesis

93
Q

whats spongey mesophyll tissue

A

weirdly shaped cells with increased space between them that allow for gas exchange by diffusion through the leaf

94
Q

what are lenticels

A

pores that provide an opening for transpiration to occur and allow gas exchange to and from the inner parts of the tree trunk

95
Q

whats cohesion

A

attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

96
Q

whats adhesion

A

the attraction of water molecules to molecules of other substances

97
Q

whats root pressure

A

when water is drawn into the cells because of the presence of dissolved minerals which creates a higher solute concentration inside the cell

98
Q

what does root pressure do

A

force water from a higher pressure in the roots toward the lower pressure in the leaves

99
Q

what does evaporation do for the transpiration process

A

it creates a transpiration pull that pulls on adjacent water molecules and draws the water up the xylem in combination with adhesions and cohesion forces

100
Q

why is turgidity important

A

the pressure in all of the cells combines to hold the green parts of the plant up to the sunlight

101
Q

whats the sink

A

places where the products of photosynthesis are stored

102
Q

what’s the place where products of photosynthesis are manufactured called

A

the source

103
Q

whats phototropism

A

growth movement in response to light stimulus

104
Q

what’s the difference between positive and negative tropism

A

in positive the plant will grow toward the stimulus whereas in negative it grows away from it

105
Q

whats gravitropism

A

growth movement in response to earth’s gravitational force

106
Q

whats auxin

A

a hormone that is manufactured in one area and transported to another location where in low concentrations it has the ability to initiate cell elongation towards a stimulus

107
Q

how do plants feel gravity

A

they rely on heavy starch particles in specialized cells to indicate direction of gravity

Science 10 (13 decks)

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