Biology Test Two After Quiz Two - Body Systems Flashcards
1
Q
This order of crustacea has barnacles that are sessile as adults but free swimming larvae and are hermaphroditic and some have stalks
A
cirripedia
2
Q
class of arthropods that includes insects which is the largest group of animals and there are about one billion billion insects alive at any one time
A
hexapoda
3
Q
three body regions of insects
A
head, thorax, abdomen
4
Q
these permeate all tissues in insects to breathe
A
tracheae
5
Q
This class of arthropods have no tagmata and include centipedes and millipedes and have bodies with a head followed by numerous segments
A
myriapoda
6
Q
this phylum is an ancient group of marine animals with about 6000 species and are deuterostomes and have an endoskeleton
A
echinodermata
7
Q
the blank of echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical and blank symmetrical as adults which means blank lines
A
larvae, pentaradial, five
8
Q
echinoderms have an endoskeleton made of calcite plates called blank
A
endoskeletons, ossicles
9
Q
echinoderms have blank so they can change shape and drop body parts
A
mutable collagenous tissue
10
Q
papulae are the same as
A
tube feet
11
Q
there are more than blank extinct classes of echinoderms
A
20
12
Q
there are five classes of echinoderms and they are
A
asteroidea, crinoidea, echinoidea, holothuroidea, ophiuroidea
13
Q
this class of echinoderm includes seas stars and sea daisies
A
asteroidea
14
Q
this class of echinoderms includes sea lillies and feather stars
A
crinoidea
15
Q
this class of echinoderms includes sea urchins and sand dollars
A
echinoidea
16
Q
this class of echinoderms includes sea cucumbers
A
holothuroidea
17
Q
this class of echinoderms includes brittle stars
A
ophiuroidea
18
Q
The chordates nearest relative is the blank
A
echinoderms
19
Q
Five features characterize chordates and they are
A
nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail, endostyle
20
Q
turned into the spinal cord
A
nerve cord
21
Q
turgid cord of cells wrapped with connective tissue that turned into the spinal column
A
notochord
22
Q
gill arches that form bones in ears
A
pharyngeal slits
23
Q
manages iodine metabolism and turns into the thyroid gland
A
endostyle
24
Q
three subphyla of the chordata phylum
A
cephalochordata, urochordata, vertebrata
25
subphylum of chordata that have all chordate characteristics throughout lifetime but no anterior sense organs or brain
cephalochordata
26
oldest chordate which was a cephalochordate
pikaia
27
subphylum of chordata that includes tunicates and are marine animals with tadpolelike larvae and adults typically lose the tail, nerve chord, and notochord
urochordata
28
urochordata often secrete a blank which is a cellulose sac that surrounds the animal
tunic
29
subphylum of chordates that includes vertebrates and an endoskeleton made of cartilage or bone
vertebrata
30
chordates with a spinal column
vertebrates
31
most diverse vertebrate group including half of all vertebrates
fishes
32
five characteristics of fishes
vertebral column, jaws and paired appendages, internal gills, single loop blood circulation, nutritional deficiencies
33
the first fishes had blank but no blank
mouths, jaws
34
first fishes that had bony plates and are now extinct
ostracoderms
35
first fishes that have no jaws that still exist today
hagfish and lampreys
36
the development of jaws occurred in the late blank period
silurian
37
fishes were the first vertebrates to develop blank
teeth
38
these two things make up shark scales and all teeth
dentin and enamel
39
fishes have a blank system that is a series of sensory organs under the skin that detects changes in pressure waves
lateral line
40
first jawed fish came about during the blank perdio
devonian
41
first jawed fish that was spiny
acanthodii
42
first jawed fish that were armored
placodermi
43
in this period, sharks became the dominant sea predators
carboniferous
44
chondro means
cartilage
45
ichthyes means
fish
46
the most species rich group of all vertebrates
bony fishes
47
a gas filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate their buoyant density
swim bladder
48
a hard plate that covers the gills
operculum
49
the felxing of this permits water pumping over the gills
gill cover
50
group of bony fishes that are ray finned and there are no muscles in the fins
actinopterygii
51
group of bony fishes that are lobe finned and have paired fins that consist of a long fleshy muscular lobe
sarcopterygii
52
sarco means
flesh
53
damp skinned vertebrates and were the first vertebrates to walk on land
amphibians
54
Three adaptations of amphibians
legs, lungs, system to prevent desiccation
55
amphibians reproduce where?
H2O
56
this word means "drying out"
desiccation
57
amphibians evolved from blank
lobe finned fish
58
Three bones that are found in bony fishes and amphibians today
humerus, femur, radius
59
modern amphibians come from the blank period
tertiary
60
Three orders of today's amphibians
anura, caudata, and apoda
61
order of amphibians that means without tail
anura
62
frogs and toads are part of this order of amphibians...
anura
63
type of fertilization in anura
external
64
order of amphibians that includes salamanders and larvae are similar to adults
caudata
65
type of fertilization in caudata
internal
66
order of amphibians that includes caecilians and lay their eggs underground and are legless burrowers
apoda
67
animals that evolved from amphibians and all have one major thing in common because the amniotic egg has blank membranes
amniotes, four
68
This includes mammals, birds, and reptiles
amniotes
69
amniotes have a blank egg with an amnion and yolk sac
water tight
70
these animals dominated earth for 250 million years and there are 7000 species today on earth
reptiles
71
type of breathing that increases lung capacity by chest moving
thoracic breathing
72
type of fertilization in reptiles
internal
73
reptiles have blank circulation than amphibians
better
74
class of reptiles that are shelled, have a solid skull, have beaks but no teeth. includes turtles
testudina
75
in turtles, what structures creates the shell
the ribs
76
order of Lepidosauria that has two species of tuataras which are large lizard like animals found in New Zealand
Rhynchocephalia
77
Order of Lepidosauria that are reptiles that have lizards and snakes and has a light skull with many openings and joints and have a forked penis called a blank
squamata, hemopenes
78
Class of reptiles that are the ruling reptiles and are the first bipedal vertebrates
archosauria
79
means walks on two legs
bipedal
80
Two groups of archosauria that live today
aves, crocodilia
81
blank were the first bipedal vertebrates
dinosaurs
82
an archosauria that has 25 species are primarily aquatic and are carnivorous with a strong compact skull
crocodylia
83
group of archosauria that includes birds which are direct descendants of dinosaurs and are the most diverse terrestrial vertebrates
aves
84
first bird had how many fingers plus a wing
three
85
the most alike part of birds to dinosaurs
scaly legs
86
birds are most similar to
crocodiles
87
Three things making birds special
feathers, hollow skeleton, efficient circulation, efficient respiration, endothermy
88
means that body temperature permits higher metabolic rate
endothermy
89
Three mammalian ancestors
pelycosaurs, therapsis, mammalia
90
first succesful large land vertebrates which is a mammalian ancestor and is reptile like but has a mammalian skull
pelycosaurs
91
mammalian ancestor that had a mammal like skeleton and were replaced by dinosaurs
therapsids
92
pelycosaurs had a blank
mammalian skull
93
two fundamental traits of mammals
hair and mammary glands
94
these secrete milk in female mammals
mammary glands
95
milk comes from the same gland as blank
sweat
96
important charactertic of heart in mammals
four chambered heart
97
respiration advantage in mammals structure
diaphragm
98
the amniotic egg inside a human uterus
placenta
99
group of mammals that lay eggs and have a cloaca for digestion and reproduction
monotremes
100
example of a monotreme with a cloaca
duck billed platypus
101
group of mammals that includes kangaroos and opossums and have a pouch
marsupials
102
type of mammal that produce a placenta that nourishes the fetus and includes most living mammals
placental
103
group of mammals that have grasping fingers and toes with binocular vision and includes monkeys and gorillas
primates
104
earliest primates split into these two groups
anthropoids and prosimians
105
this group of primates are nocturnal and include lemurs and tarsiers
prosimians
106
this group of primates include monkeys, apes, and humans
anthropoids
107
group of anthropoids that includes humans and apes
hominoids
108
group of hominoids that are paraphyletic and include gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons, orangutans
apes
109
group of hominoids that includes humans and australopithecus
hominids
110
hominoids that evolved about 2 mya and had a large brain and were the first humans
Homo
111
All homos are extinct except for blank
sapiens
112
Four levels of organization of the vertebrate body
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
113
How many cell types does a human have
210
114
groups of cells that are similar in structure and function
tissue
115
are combinations of different tissues that form a structural and functional unit
organ
116
organs are combinations of blank tissues
different
117
groups of organs that cooperate to perform the major activities of the body
organ systems
118
how many organ systems in a vertebrate body
11
119
11 organ systems put together equals blank
organism
120
vertebrates have a blank within a blank body plan
tube
121
how many body cavities in a vertebrate
several
122
body cavity that is within the skull and vertebrae and includes brain and spinal cord
dorsal
123
body cavity that is bounded by the rib cage and vertebral column that includes heart, liver, intestine, stomach, kidneys, etc.
ventral
124
four primary tissues in adult vertebrates
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
125
primary tissue that covers exposed surfaces of the vertebrate body and provides a protective barrier and can be membranes and glands
epithelial
126
all germ layers have this primary tissue
epithelium
127
the epithelium has blank
polarity
128
two sides of epithelium
basal surface and apical surface
129
side of epithelium that is the secured side
basal
130
side of the epithelium that is the free side
apical
131
blank layers of epithelial tissue allows for absorption and diffusion
one
132
blank layers of epithelial tissue creates a dense barrier to abrasion and chemicals
several
133
this cell size of epithelial tissue allow for materials to diffuse through
flat cells
134
this cell size of epithelial tissue have more organelles and can process more materials
thick cells
135
these form from invaginated epithelia and can be exocrine or endocrine
glands
136
gland that produces a product like sweat and secretes it into a duct
exocrine
137
gland that is ductless and secretions enter the blood
endocrine
138
this tissue is divided into two major classes and come from mesoderm and have abundant extracellular material
connective
139
class of connective tissue that is loose dense and adipose
connective tissue proper
140
class of connective tissue that includes cartilage, bone, and blood
special connective tissue
141
connective tissue consists of two major things
matrix and cells
142
extracellular material found in connective tissue that can be made of protein fibers, gels, salts, fluids, fats, etc.
matrix
143
connective tissue blanks make matrix
cells
144
cells that produce and secrete protein fibers in extracellular matrix in connective tissue. These fibers include collagen fibers and elastic fibers.
fibroblasts
145
type of connective tissue proper that has more collagen than loose connective tissue and has less gel
dense connective tissue
146
type of connective tissue proper that has little collagen and a lot of gel
loose connective tissue
147
collagen fibers that are parallel create
tendons/ligaments
148
collagen fibers that are in many different directions are very blank and in the blank of skin
tough, dermis
149
this type of connective tissue proper also occurs in loose connective tissue and is also known as fat cells
adipose
150
cartilage is a blank connective tissue
special
151
cartilage cells are called
chondrocytes
152
chondroitin and collagen/elastin fibers make up the blank
matrix
153
flexible with great tensile strength and is a tissue found in joint surfaces
cartilage
154
bone is a blank connective tissue
special
155
tissue that is hardened with calcium phosphate salts around collagen fibers
bone
156
bone cells are called
osteocytes
157
blood is a blank connective tissue
special
158
extracellular material is the fluid plasma and they can be red white or platelets and is a tissue
blood
159
extracellular material of blood
plasma
160
leukocytes are what kind of blood cells
white
161
erythrocytes are what kind of blood cells
red
162
muscle tissue that lines blood vessels and visceral organs, are mono-nucleated, and involuntary
smooth muscles
163
muscle tissue that is attached to bone by tendons, voluntary, striated and cells are long/multi-nucleated
skeletal muscles
164
type of muscle tissue found the heart only and is mono-nucleated and muscle cells form from a single functioning unit
cardiac muscle
165
interconnections of cardiac muscle are called
intercalated disks
166
nerve tissue that consists of three parts
neurons
167
three parts of neurons
cell body, axon, dendrites
168
contains the nucleus in neurons
cell body
169
single cytoplasmic extension in neurons that takes impulses away from cell body
axon
170
highly branched extensions of neurons that take impulses toward the cell body
dendrites
171
this type of nerve tissue does not conduct electrical impulses and it supports and insulates neurons and form an insulated cover called the blank
neuroglia, myelin sheath
172
a
aa
173
organ systems that detects external stimuli and coordinate body's responses and are involved in communication and integration
nervous, sensory, endocrine
174
organ system that provides support and movement
musculoskeletal
175
organ systems that are involved in regulation and maintenance like maintaining the body's chemistry
digestive, circulatory, respiratory, urinary systems
176
organ systems that deal with bodily defense
integumentary and immune
177
organ system that is involved in reproduction and development and nurtures the developing embryo and fetus as well as the continuance of genes
reproductive system
178
the dynamic constancy of the internal environment is called
homeostasis
179
two things that need to remain relatively constant in the body
water in cells, temperature
180
the body uses these mechanisms to maintain homeostasis
negative feedback
181
6 steps of negative feedback
stimulus, sensors, integrating center, effector, response, sensor reset
182
negative feedback loops often oppose each other to produce finer degree of control called blank
antagonistic effectors
183
This type of feedback does not maintain homeostasis
positive
184
examples of positive feedback in body
clotting and contraction of uterus during childbirth
185
the rate of any chemical reaction is affected by blank
temperature
186
three things that determine body temperature
behavior, metabolism, environment
187
Four mechanisms of heat transfer
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
188
mechanism of heat transfer that deals with electromagnetivity
radiation
189
mechanism of heat transfer that is directly between two objects
conduction
190
mechanism of heat transfer that is by the movement of a gas or liquid
convection
191
mechanism of heat transfer that is the conversion of water to gas
evaporation
192
Three classes of organisms that generate heat in different ways
endotherms, ectotherms, heterotherms
193
organism that use metabolism to generate body heat and maintain temperature above ambient temperature
endotherms
194
these organisms produce no heat so they have low metabolic rates
ectotherms
195
ectotherms regulate temperature using blank
behavior
196
heat exchange that ectotherm marine animals use to limit heat loss in cold water
countercurrent blood flow
197
warm blood is pumped from within the body in arteries warms the cooler blood returning from the skin within veins... this is called
countercurrent heat exchange
198
how endotherms cool themselves down
panting or sweating
199
this increases blood flow which increases heat dissipation
vasodilation
200
decreases blood flow which limits heat loss
vasoconstriction
201
blank animals have higher metabolism to keep warm
smaller
202
blank animals have lower metabolic rates to retain heat better
large
203
tissue that forms the outer protective covering of a plant organ
dermal tissue
203
fills the interior of a plant organ; photosynthesizes and stores the products of photosynthesis
ground tissue
204
tissue that transports water and sugar, the product of photosynthesis, in a plant and provides support
vascular tissue
205
root xylem and phloem are in a ring in the root of a blank
monocot
206
the root phloem is between the arms of xylem in roots of blank
eudicots
207
the vascular bundles are scattered in the stems of blank
monocots
208
the vascular bundles are in a distinct ring in blank
eudicots
209
a carrot is an example of a blank
taproot
210
the growth between terminal bud scars is called a blank
twig
211
use of energy metabolism to produce heat
thermogenesis
212
thermoregulation is controlled by the blank
hypothalamus
213
blank is used by us to keep us warm when cold
shivering
214
in the hypothalamus there is a blank center that kicks in when the body temp increases
heat losing
215
in the hypothalamus there is a blank center that kicks in when the body temp decreases
heat promoting
216
these cause a rise in temperature in the body and produce a fever
pyrogens
217
a state of dormancy of the body and an extreme case is blank
torpor, hibernation
218
three groups of heteretrophs
herbivores, omnivores, carnivores
219
eats hard animals
durophagous
220
substances that an animal cannot manufacture for itself but are necessary for health
essential nutrients
221
four essential nutrients
vitamins, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals
222
specialization occurs when the digestive tract has a separate blank and blank
mouth, anus
223
function is absorption in digestive system
small intestine
224
function is to concentrate wastes in digestive system
large intestine
225
function is waste storage and elimination in digestive system
cloaca
226
four accessory organs of digestive system
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
227
pancreas makes this which stops acid from stomach from breaking down the intestines
bicarbonate buffer
228
four layers of gi tracts
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
229
interior lining of the interior of mucosa
lumen
230
most inside layer of gi tract
mucosa
231
outside mucosa layer
submucosa
232
outside of submucosa layer
muscularis
233
outside of muscularis
serosa
234
outer layer that produces sirrus fluid which lubricates innards so they don't twist
serosa
235
chewing is also called
mastication
236
teeth are adapted depending on the blank source
nutritional
237
how birds break up food
two chambered stomach
238
muscular chamber that uses ingested pebbles to pulverize food... birds have this
gizzard
239
tongue mixes food with blank
saliva
240
moistens and lubricates food and has blank which breaks down starch
saliva, amylase
241
salivation is controlled by
the nervous system
242
these blocks the respiratory tract when swallowing food
glottis, epiglottis, larynx
243
muscular action which moves food down to the stomach in the esophagus
peristalsis
244
a processed lump of food
bolus
245
has a blank layer of muscle for digestion
stomach, oblique
246
the stomach has two kinds of secretory cells called
parietal and chief
247
secretory cell in the stomach that secretes HCl and intrinsic factor
parietal
248
mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice is called blank in stomach
chyme
249
chyme leaves the stomach through the blank
pyloric sphincter
250
three regions of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
251
epithelial wall of small intestine is covered with blank
villi
252
how long is small intestin
4.5 m
253
increase surface area of small intestine so more nutrients can be grabbed
villi
254
villi are covered by blank
microvilli
255
increase the surface area of small intestine even more
microvilli
256
blank carries products of small intestine
blood
257
nothing we eat goes directly to heart or brain... it always go through the blank first
liver
258
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the blank system then later join the blank system
lymphatic, circulatory
259
most nutrients are absorbed in the blank
small intestine
260
fluid absorption efficiency as humans
99%
261
diarrhea occurs from blank
not enough absorption by body
262
the large intestine is also called the blank
colon
263
two vestigial structures in large intestine
appendix and cecum
264
blank percent of absorption occurs in the large intestine
4
265
compacted feces are stored in the blank
rectum
266
some vertebrates and monotremes have this where the urine and feces meet up
cloaca
267
pancreatic fluid is secreted into the blank through the blank
duodenum, pancreatic duct
268
proteins are broken down into blank by the pancreas
polypeptides
269
polysaccharides are broken down into blank by the pancreas
sugars
270
fats are broken down into blank by the pancreas
fatty acids/ monoglycerides
271
the body's largest internal organ
liver
272
this secretes bile into the duodenum which is for the emulsification of fats
liver
273
breakdown into smaller pieces
emulsification
274
this functions by helping the liver by storing the bile and breaking down fats
gallbladder
275
removes dead blood cells
liver
276
produces most proteins found in plasma
liver
277
regulates levels of steroid hormones
liver
278
this organ regulates blood glucose
pancreas
279
what the pancreas secretes that promotes the deposition of glycogen and fat
insulin
280
this breaks down the glycogen and increases blood glucose
glucagon
281
this decreases the amount of glucose in the blood
insulin
282
All mammals rely on intestinal bacteria to make this
vitamin K
283
Birds do not have vitamin K producing bacteria so
they have to eat their own vitamin k
284
blank have a four chambered stomach
ruminants
285
contents of four chambered stomach can be blank and rechewed called blank
regurgitated, rumination
286
horses and rabbits digest cellulose in the blank
cecum
287
animals that use a cecum practice blank
coprophagy
288
the practice of eating feces to absorb nutrients the second passage of food
coprophagy
289
a blank digestive system is less extensive because blank is easily digestible
carnivore, meat
290
the stomach releases this which triggers the secretion of HCl and pepsinogen from the gastric glands
gastrin
291
blank hormones produce CCK, secretin, and GIP
duodenal
292
three hormones produced by duodenal
CCK, secretin, GIP
293
stimulates gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion
CCK
294
stimulates the secretion of pancreatic bicarbonate
Secretin
295
inhibit stomach contractions and prevent additional chyme from entering the duodenum
duodenal hormones
296
ingestion of food serves two primary functions
energy, raw material
297
is the minimal amount of energy consumed under defined resting conditions
basal metabolic rate
