Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio2 > Biology II - Plants > Flashcards

Biology II - Plants Flashcards

1
Q

pterophytes are photosynthetic in which phases

A

gametophyte and sporophyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

water moves into the roots only if the soil’s water potential is less or greater

A

greater

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cells have a blank water potential than fresh water soil

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what absorbs most of the plants water and provide great surface area

A

root hairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what kind of fungi increase root surface area

A

mycorrhizae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what mineral does mycorrhizae help a plant uptake the most

A

phosphorus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

xylem has a blank water potential than the root tissue

A

lower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

water has blank strength which is why water can defy gravity in the xylem

A

tensile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

water molecules blank to one another due to hydrogen bonds

A

cohere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

water molecules blank to the walls of the xylem due to polarity

A

adhere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

tensile strength of a water column varies blank with its diamater

A

inversely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can break tensile strength

A

air bubble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

xylem has a blank water potential than leaves

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

water vapor leaves the leaf through the blank

A

stoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the leaf has a blank water potential than the air

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what manages the rate of transpiration

A

guard cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

closing the stomata can control water loss on a blank basis because they must be open at some point to allow blank in

A

short term and co2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

stomata close when

A

high temps or increased co2 concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

alternative photosynthetic pathways like cam blank transpiration

A

reduce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

stomata opens when guard cells become

A

turgid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

when solutes are pumped into guard cells it causes the water potential to blank

A

decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

abscisic acid causes stomata to blank and causes water to blank because the water potentials blanks

A

close, move out, increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

water moves 1-4 in transpiration

A

into roots, up xylem, into mesophyll in leaves, evaporates through stoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

additional forces to move water other than transpiration

A

root pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

root pressure causes blank

A

guttation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is guttation

A

dew

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

root pressure is blank than transpiration

A

different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

three transport routes through cells

A

apoplast, symplast, transmembrane route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

movement through the cell walls and the space between cells

A

apoplast route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata

A

symplast route

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

cytoplasm is connected by blank

A

plasmodesmata

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

membrane transport between cells across the membranes of vacuoles within cells and permits the greatest control

A

transmembrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

molecules must pass through the blank to reach the xylem

A

endodermal cells (casparian strip)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what two things are essential for bulk transport of minerals

A

tracheids and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

how much of plant water is lost to air through stomata

A

90 percent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what two factors increase evaporation

A

temperature and wind velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

two adaptations of plants to limit water loss

A

dormancy, loss of leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

plants form these two things two adjust to being underwater

A

form larger lenticels and adventitious roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

loose parenchymal with large air spaces that collect oxygen and transport it to submerged parts of plants

A

aerenchyma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

plants that grow in salt water are called

A

mangroves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

mangroves produce these air filled roots that have large lenticels

A

pneumatophores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

phloem loading is the process in which blank are transported through the plant and into the cells

A

sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A body cavity

A

Coelom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

First opening of embryo is the mouth

A

Protostome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

First opening of the embryo is anus

A

Deuterostome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Immobile hydras and sponges are called

A

Sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

This type of animal has epidermal and collar cells as well as amoebocytes

A

Sponges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Protects sponges like glass and stiffens body walls

A

Spicules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Spicules are what shape

A

Needle like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Are sponges sessile or motile

A

Sessile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Cnidarian with an upward pointing mouth

A

Polyp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Cnidarian with a downward pointing mouth

A

Medusa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Refers to a general light triggered development

A

Photomorphogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Are directional growth responses to light

A

Phototropisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

A pigment containing protein

A

Phytochrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Phytochrome has two parts and they are

A

Chromophore and apoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Part of Phytochrome that is light receptive

A

Chromophore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Part of phytochrome that initiates a signal transduction pathway

A

Apoprotein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Two inconvertible forms of a phytochrome

A

Pr and Pfr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Phytochrome that Absorbs red light at 660 nm and is found in sunlight

A

Pr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Phytochrome that absorbs far red light at 730 nm and is found more in reflected light

A

Pfr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Blank is the active form of phytochrome and blank is the inactive form

A

Pfr then Pr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

When Pr absorbs red light it converts to

A

Pfr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Phytochrome that enters the nucleus and binds to transcription factors leading to the expression of light regulated genes

A

Pfr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How many forms of phytochrome are there

A

Five

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Three plant growth responses that phytochromes are involved in

A

Seed germination, shoot elongation, and detection of plant spacing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The bending of growing stems to sources of light with blue wavelengths 460 nm range

A

Phototropisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

The response of a plant to the gravitational field of the earth

A

Gravitropism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Shoots exhibit blank gravitropism

A

Negative

70
Q

Roots exhibit blank gravitropism

A

Positive

71
Q

Where is gravity sensed in a plant

A

Along stem in endodermal cells

72
Q

What are the signaling structures for a stem to respond to gravity

A

Amyloplasts sinking in cytoplasm

73
Q

Accumulates on lower side of stem due to amyloplasts position

A

Auxin

74
Q

Where is the site of gravity perception in roots

A

Cap

75
Q

Cells closer to gravity source grow blank

A

Less

76
Q

Permanent response to mechanical stress

A

Thigmomorphogenesis

77
Q

Directional response to mechanical stress

A

Thigmotropism

78
Q

Cells that have reversible changes in turgid pressure and respond to touch

A

Pulvini

79
Q

Some turgor movements are caused by blank to maximize photosynthesis

A

Light

80
Q

Dropping of leaves or petals

A

Abscission

81
Q

Two layers produced by hormones prior to abscission

A

Protective and separation

82
Q

Plants produce blank proteins when it’s cold and blank proteins when it’s hot

A

Antifreeze, heat shock

83
Q

This explains how plants can survive lethal temperatures if exposed gradually

A

Thermotolerance

84
Q

T or f plants do not produce hormones by glands

A

True

85
Q

Chemicals produced in one part of an organsim and transported to another part where they exert a response

A

Hormones

86
Q

Who discovered auxin

A

Charles and Francis Darwin

87
Q

Describe Darwin auxin experiment

A

Four groups. Control plant, lightproof cap plant, transparent cap plant, lightproof collar plant. Bending towards sunlight

88
Q

Who named auxin

A

Frits went

89
Q

Describe Frits went experment

A

Agar gel and diffused auxin out of tip into gel and put the gel with auxin onto tip of plant

90
Q

Who demonstrated that auxin migrates away to the shaded portion of the shoot

A

Winslow Briggs

91
Q

How did Briggs experiment work?

A

Inserted barriers in a shoot tip and it resulted in equal amounts of auxin in both the light and dark side of the barrier.

92
Q

Blank hypothesis provides a model linking auxin to cell wall expansion

A

Acid growth

93
Q

Produced in the root apical meristem’s and developing fruits. they also stimulates cell division and differentiation they also promote the growth of Lateral branches

A

.

94
Q

This is the plant hormone has important effects on stem elongation. Adding these two dwarf mutants restores normal growth.

A

Gibberellins

95
Q

Gibberellins also hastens germination which makes blank

A

Bigger fruit

96
Q

Specialized stinging cells of jellyfish and hydras

A

Cnidocytes

97
Q

Te thing that actually does the stinging in stinging cells

A

Nematocysts

98
Q

Suspended animals that serve as food for larger ocean animals

A

Zooplankton

99
Q

The Sea anemone is a polyp or medusa

A

Polyp

100
Q

Cup coral is a polyp or medusa

A

Polyp

101
Q

Portuguese man of war is a medusa or polyp

A

Medusa

102
Q

Jellyfish is a polyp or medusa

A

Medusa

103
Q

Fee living flatworms are called

A

Planarians

104
Q

Do planarians have body cavities

A

No

105
Q

What kind of coelom do roundworms have

A

Pseudocoelom

106
Q

Common and abundant freshwater animals

A

Rotifera

107
Q

Ciliated wheel shape that Rotifers have

A

Corona

108
Q

Example of animal with no tissues

A

Sponge

109
Q

Example of animal with two tissues

A

Hydra

110
Q

Example of animal with three tissues

A

Planarian

111
Q

Any angle symmetry

A

Radial

112
Q

One cut symmetry

A

Bilateral

113
Q

Two adult forms of cnidarians

A

Sessile and motile

114
Q

Characteristic to designate groups of sponges

A

Type of spicule

115
Q

Do cnidarians have gastrovascular cavities

A

Yes

116
Q

A gas that retards growth in plants and ripens fruit

A

Ethylene

117
Q

Synthesized mainly in green leaves, fruits and root caps and it counteracts gibberellins and auxin

A

Abscisic acid

118
Q

Lack of abscisic acid causes seeds to grow where

A

Inside parents

119
Q

Before plants can form, they must undergo a blank

A

Phase change

120
Q

What happens when sea turtles are polluted with light

A

They don’t make it to the ocean

121
Q

Four genetically regulated pathways to flowering that have been identified

A

Light dependent, temp dependent, gibberellin dependent, autonomous

122
Q

Pathway that is Also termed the photoperiodic pathway that is sensitive to the amount of darkness a plant receives in each twenty four hour period

A

Light dependent

123
Q

Obligate long or short day plants blank light to flower

A

In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light

124
Q

In blank short or long day plants, time gets added up in order to flower Ad is not based on a set amount of light

A

Facultative

125
Q

The plant uses the length of blank rather than blank to determine when to flower

A

Night, day

126
Q

If night is interrupted with a flash of light then how will the plant interpret it

A

As a full day

127
Q

A pathway that plants require. Of chilling before flowering called vernalization

A

.

128
Q

Pathway where gibber Ellen binds to gene promoters and enhances it it it’s expression thereby promoting flowering this is a pathway

A

Gibberellin dependent

129
Q

What happens when there’s a decrease in the amount of gibberellin

A

Flowering is delayed

130
Q

This pathway only depends on basic nutrition and it allows day neutral plants to count knows and remember node location

A

Autonomous

131
Q

A pathway where a plant needs a uniform number of nodes before flowering

A

Autonomous

132
Q

A model for flowering that proposes that three Organ identity gene classes specify the four whorls

A

The ABC model

133
Q

How many whorls does a complete flower have

A

Four

134
Q

In incomplete flower lacks what

A

A whorl

135
Q

Floral organs are thought to evolved from what

A

Leaves

136
Q

A flower structure that consists of flatten sepals

A

Calyx

137
Q

A flower structure that consists of fused petals

A

Corolla

138
Q

Flower structure that is a collective term for stamens and the stamen consists of a filament and enter

A

Androecium

139
Q

A flower structure that is a collective term for Carpell’s a Carpell consists of an ovule ovary style and stigma

A

Gynoecium

140
Q

The blank generation is very small and completely enclosed within parent sporophyte

A

Gametophyte

141
Q

The male gametophyte is

A

Pollen grains

142
Q

The female gametophyte is

A

Embryo sac

143
Q

The micro gametophyte is

A

Pollen

144
Q

The Megagametophyte is

A

Embryo sac

145
Q

A microspore mother cell produces how many microspores

A

Four

146
Q

Each microspore develops by blank into A pollen grain

A

Mitosis

147
Q

A pollen grain consists of what

A

Tube cell and sperm cells

148
Q

A megaspore mother cell produces how many megaspores

A

Four

149
Q

How many megastores actually survive and what does this megaspore become

A

One survives and becomes embryo sac

150
Q

The embryo sac enlarges in undergoes repeated mitotic cell divisions to produce how many haploid nuclei

A

Eight

151
Q

The process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

A

Pollination

152
Q

Pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flowers stigma

A

Cross pollination

153
Q

Name three pollinators

A

Bees butterflies and birds

154
Q

What kind of flowers do the three pollinators like

A

Bees yellow. Butterflies landing platforms. Birds red

155
Q

What kind of pollination is favored in stable environments

A

Self pollination

156
Q

Three evolutionary strategies that promote outcrossing in pollination

A

Separation of structures in time, separation of structures in space, and self incompatibility

157
Q

Dioecious and monoecious are examples of what evolutionary strategy

A

Separation of structures in space

158
Q

Known as dichogamus and stamens and carpels in the same flower reach maturity at the different times

A

Separation of structures in time

159
Q

Plants that require a chilling period before flowering

A

Vernalization

160
Q

When stamens and carpels of the same flower reach maturity at different times is called

A

Dichogamous

161
Q

An evolutionary strategy that the stigma recognizes and blocks the self pollen tube

A

Self incompatibility

162
Q

This cell forms a pollen tube that pierces the style

A

Tube cell

163
Q

It’s cell divides to form two sperm cells

A

Generative cell

164
Q

Asexual reproduction where plant individuals are cloned from,parts of adults

A

Vegetative

165
Q

Oldest living tree is 4000 years old and is what kind of tree

A

Bristle cone pine

166
Q

Plants that are able to flower and Produce seeds and fruit for indefinite number of growing seasons

A

Perennial

167
Q

Plants that drop their leaves at a particular time of year

A

Deciduous

168
Q

Plants that drop their leaves throughout the year

A

Evergreen

169
Q

Plants that grow flower form fruits and seeds and typically died within one growing season

A

Annual

170
Q

The process that leads to the death of the plant after one season is called blank

A

Senescence

171
Q

Plants that have two year lifecycles and they store energy for the first year and flower the second year

A

Biennial

bio2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions