Biology II Test Three - Body and Body Systems

Question 1

Three types of skeletons

Answer 1

hydrostatic skeletons, exoskeletons, endoskeletons

Question 2

changes in movement occur because muscles pull against a support structure called the blank system

Answer 2

skeletal

Question 3

skeleton found primarily in soft bodied invertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic

Answer 3

hydrostatic

Question 4

worms have a blank muscle and blank muscle to move

Answer 4

circular, longitudinal, locomotion

Question 5

jellyfish produce blank in their bell to move

Answer 5

pulsations

Question 6

muscular contractions in squids that expel water forcefully through the siphon and the animal shoots backward… this is called blank

Answer 6

jetting

Question 7

exoskeletons of arthropods are made by the carbohydrate called

Answer 7

chitin

Question 8

these must be shed because they limit body size that provides protection for internal organs and a site for muscle attachment

Answer 8

exoskeleton

Question 9

rigid internal skeletons that form the body’s framework and offer surfaces for muscle attachment

Answer 9

endoskeletons

Question 10

echinoderms endoskeltons are made of blank

Answer 10

calcite

Question 11

the vertebrate endoskeleton is divided into the blank and blank skeletons

Answer 11

axial, appendicular

Question 12

skeleton that is the axis of the body

Answer 12

axial

Question 13

skeleton that is the limb bones and girdles

Answer 13

appendicular

Question 14

this skeleton supports the body and protects internal organs

Answer 14

axial

Question 15

skeleton that has pectoral girdle and forelimbs and pelvic girdle and hindlimbs

Answer 15

appendicular

Question 16

endoskeletons are made of blank and blank

Answer 16

bone, cartilage

Question 17

bone and cartilage are blank tissues

Answer 17

living

Question 18

bone and cartilage are blank tissue

Answer 18

connective

Question 19

Two cells that produce bone and cartilage

Answer 19

mesenchyme and fibroblasts

Question 20

stem cell that differentiates into all other connective tissue cells

Answer 20

mesenchyme

Question 21

flexible but resilient connective tissue

Answer 21

cartilage

Question 22

cell types that contribute to producing cartilage

Answer 22

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

Question 23

these cells make new cartilage

Answer 23

chondroblasts

Question 24

these cells maintain existing cartilage

Answer 24

chondrocytes

Question 25

hard but resilient connective tissue that is unique to vertebrates

Answer 25

bone

Question 26

three cell types that contribute to producing bone

Answer 26

osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Question 27

cells that make new bone

Answer 27

osteoblasts

Question 28

cells that maintain existing bone

Answer 28

osteocytes

Question 29

cells that break down existing bone

Answer 29

osteoclasts

Question 30

Two ways bone can develop

Answer 30

from mesenchyme or from a previous cartilage model

Question 31

osteoblasts blank bone devlopment and change into blank

Answer 31

start, osteocytes

Question 32

osteocytes reside in the blank

Answer 32

bone matrix

Question 33

osteocytes reside in the bone matrix in spaces called blank and communicate through little canals called blank

Answer 33

lacunae, canaliculi

Question 34

the blank lines the outside of the bone to protect it

Answer 34

periosteum

Question 35

bone falls into two categories based on density and structure…

Answer 35

compact bone and spongy bone

Question 36

category of bone that is the outer dense layer and has internal organization called the blank system

Answer 36

compact, Haversian

Question 37

category of bone that has a honeycomb structure and forms the blank inside a thick shell of a compact bone

Answer 37

spongy, epiphyses

Question 38

mammals bones that retain internal blood vessels called

Answer 38

vasular bone

Question 39

bird and fish bones are blank and blank

Answer 39

avascular and acellular

Question 40

vascular bone has blank

Answer 40

osteocytes

Question 41

small forces may not have a great effect on this but larger forces can initiate this by osteoblasts

Answer 41

remodeling

Question 42

are the locations where one bone meets another

Answer 42

joints

Question 43

three types of joints

Answer 43

immovable, slightly movable, freely movable

Question 44

joints that join bones

Answer 44

immovable joints

Question 45

example of immovable joints

Answer 45

cracks that join skull together

Question 46

joints that involve fibrous connective tissue or cartilage

Answer 46

slightly movable joints

Question 47

joints that are also called synovial joints and contain a lubricating fluid and a cavity

Answer 47

freely movable

Question 48

another name fore freely movable joints

Answer 48

synovial joints

Question 49

example of freely movable joint

Answer 49

ball and socket joints

Question 50

these joints permit movement in all directions

Answer 50

ball and socket

Question 51

four types of movable joints

Answer 51

hinge, gliding, combination,

Question 52

joints that allow movement in only one plane

Answer 52

hinge joints

Question 53

joint that permit sliding of one surface over another

Answer 53

gliding

Question 54

example of gliding joint

Answer 54

spine

Question 55

joints that allow rotation and side to side sliding

Answer 55

combination joints

Question 56

two ways that skeletal muscle fibers are attached to the periosteum of bones

Answer 56

directly or by a tendon

Question 57

during contraction of muscle movement the blank remains stationary

Answer 57

origin

Question 58

during muscle movement, the blank is attached to a bone that moves when the muscle contracts

Answer 58

insertion

Question 59

skeletal muscles occur in blank pairs

Answer 59

antagonistic

Question 60

muscle group causing an action

Answer 60

agonist

Question 61

muscle group that counters movement

Answer 61

antagonist

Question 62

the force of contraction remains relatively constant as the muscle shorten in length

Answer 62

isotonic

Question 63

the length of the muscle does not change as force is exerted

Answer 63

isometric contraction

Question 64

each skeletal muscle contains numerous cells called blank

Answer 64

fibers

Question 65

fibers are organized into bundles called

Answer 65

fascicles

Question 66

set of myofibrils are arrange in parallel known as blank

Answer 66

sarcomeres

Question 67

two types of filaments

Answer 67

thick and thin

Question 68

each blank has a thin and thick filament

Answer 68

sarcomere

Question 69

each sarcomere has two blank lines

Answer 69

z

Question 70

myofilaments do not blank

Answer 70

shorten

Question 71

the blank mechanism is how muscles contract

Answer 71

sliding filament

Question 72

a thick filament is composed of several blank subunits packed together

Answer 72

myosin

Question 73

myosin consists of two blank chains wrapped around eachother

Answer 73

polypeptide

Question 74

a blank filament is composed of two chains of blank proteins twisted together in a helix

Answer 74

thin, actin

Question 75

myosin head attaches to the blank site of the actin

Answer 75

binding

Question 76

blank causes the myosin to flex and pull on the actin

Answer 76

atp

Question 77

the blank filaments slide inward

Answer 77

thin

Question 78

in order for muscle to contract, blank must be removed by blank

Answer 78

tropomyosin, troponin

Question 79

a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract by blank neurons

Answer 79

motor

Question 80

neurons cause the muscle fiber membrane to become blank

Answer 80

depolarized

Question 81

neurons cause blank to enter the muscle

Answer 81

sodium

Question 82

a blank unit consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it innervates

Answer 82

motor

Question 83

blank is the cumulative increase in the number of motor units stimulated which leads to a stronger contraction

Answer 83

recruitment

Question 84

a muscle stimulated with a single impulse quickly contracts and relaxes

Answer 84

twitch

Question 85

is a cumulative response when a second twitch “piggy-backs” on the first

Answer 85

summation

Question 86

no relaxation between twitches, sustained contraction is produced

Answer 86

tetanus

Question 87

two types of speed of skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 87

slow twitch, fast twitch

Question 88

these muscle fibers are rich in capillaries, mitochondria and myoglobin, they sustain action for long periods of time

Answer 88

slow twitch

Question 89

known as red fibers of muscle fibers

Answer 89

slow twitch

Question 90

known as white fibers of muscle fibers

Answer 90

fast twitch

Question 91

poor in capillaries mitochondira and myoglobin and adapted for rapid power generation muscle fibers

Answer 91

fast twitch

Question 92

locomotion that is produced by appendages that oscillate

Answer 92

appendicular

Question 93

locomotion that is produced by bodies that undulate, pulse, or undergo peristaltic waves

Answer 93

axial

Question 94

Two constraints of movement

Answer 94

gravity, functional drag

Question 95

two types of locomotion in large animals

Answer 95

appendicular, axial

Question 96

water’s blank reduces the effects of gravity

Answer 96

buoyancy

Question 97

uses hydraulic propulsion

Answer 97

squid

Question 98

all aquatic vertebrates blank

Answer 98

swim

Question 99

is using the body or its appendages to push against the water

Answer 99

swimming

Question 100

terrestrial locomotion deals mostly with blank

Answer 100

gravity

Question 101

mollusks glide along a path of blank for locomotion

Answer 101

mucus

Question 102

vertebrates and arthropods have a blank body and move forward by pushing against the ground with blank

Answer 102

raised, jointed appendages

Question 103

Flight has evolved in animals blank times and they were

Answer 103

four, insects, pterosaurs, birds, bats

Question 104

animals that use locomotion in air have blank bones and blank transformed into wings

Answer 104

lightened, forelimbs

Question 105

gases diffuse directly into blank organisms

Answer 105

unicellular

Question 106

specialized extensions of tissue that project into water

Answer 106

gills

Question 107

blank gills are outside the body

Answer 107

external

Question 108

two disadvantages of external gills

Answer 108

easily damaged, constant movement to contact oxygen rich water

Question 109

gills of bony fishes are located between the blank and blank cavities

Answer 109

opercular, oral

Question 110

blank function as pumps that alternatively expand

Answer 110

cavities

Question 111

there are blank on each side of a fish’s head

Answer 111

gill arches

Question 112

each gill arch is composed of two rows of blank which consist of blank

Answer 112

gill filaments, lamellae

Question 113

blood flow opposite to direction of water and maximizes oxygenation of blood

Answer 113

countercurrent flow

Question 114

air ducts in arthropods are called blank and branch into very small blank

Answer 114

trachea, tracheoles

Question 115

blank can be opened or close by valves that are openings in exoskeleton

Answer 115

spiracles

Question 116

many amphibians use for gas exchange and breathe through skin this way

Answer 116

cutaneous respiration

Question 117

gills were replaced in terrestrial animals because blank is less supportive than blank and blank evaporates

Answer 117

air, water, water

Question 118

the blank minimizes evaporation by moving air through a branched tubular passage

Answer 118

lung

Question 119

pressure is measured in blank

Answer 119

atmospheres

Question 120

air exerts pressure blank

Answer 120

downward

Question 121

lungs of amphibians are formed from outpouchings of the blank

Answer 121

gut

Question 122

frogs have blank breathing

Answer 122

positive pressure

Question 123

amphibians breathe by creating a positive pressure in the blank cavity

Answer 123

buccal

Question 124

reptiles and mammals have blank breathing

Answer 124

negative pressure

Question 125

blank cage expands by muscular contractions

Answer 125

thoracic

Question 126

air rushes inside blank to fill the empty space in neg pressure breathing

Answer 126

lungs

Question 127

empty space in breathing equals blank pressure

Answer 127

lower

Question 128

in and out the same direction is what kind of flow

Answer 128

two directional

Question 129

lungs of mammals are packed with millions of blank

Answer 129

alveoli

Question 130

inhaled air passes through the blank

Answer 130

trachea

Question 131

air bifurcates into the right and left blank

Answer 131

bronchi

Question 132

each lung subdivides into blank

Answer 132

bronchioles

Question 133

extensive capillary network in lungs

Answer 133

bronchioles

Question 134

blank is where gas exchange occurs in lungs

Answer 134

alveoli

Question 135

lungs of birds channel air through very tiny air vessels called blank

Answer 135

parabronchi

Question 136

animal with best respiration

Answer 136

bird

Question 137

birds have blank flow of air

Answer 137

unidirectional

Question 138

in cycle blank of bird lungs inhaled air is drawn from the trachea into posterior air sacs and exhaled into lungs

Answer 138

1

Question 139

in cycle blank of lungs of birds air is drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs and exhaled through trachea

Answer 139

2

Question 140

blank air does not need to be exhaled before blank air can be inhaled in bird lungs

Answer 140

deoxygenated, oxygenated

Question 141

gas exchange is driven by blank

Answer 141

partial pressures

Question 142

the pressure of one component of a solution

Answer 142

partial pressure

Question 143

veins carry blank blood blank in CO2

Answer 143

deoxygenated, high

Question 144

arteries carry blank blood with blank CO2 concentration

Answer 144

oxygenated, low

Question 145

thoracic volume blank through the contraction of muscles

Answer 145

increases

Question 146

contraction of the external blank muscles expands the rib cage when breathing

Answer 146

intercostal

Question 147

contraction of the blank expands the volume of thorax and lungs

Answer 147

diaphragm

Question 148

this blank pressure draws air into the lungs

Answer 148

negative

Question 149

thorax volume decreases due to blank

Answer 149

elasticity

Question 150

blank are sensitive to blood co2 changes in order to regulate breathing

Answer 150

neurons

Question 151

a rise in Pco2 causes increased production of blank

Answer 151

carbonic acid

Question 152

blank consists of four polypeptide chains

Answer 152

hemoglobin

Question 153

hemoglobin loads up with oxygen in the blank

Answer 153

lungs

Question 154

co2 moves from the blank into the blank

Answer 154

cells, blood

Question 155

sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes lack a blank system

Answer 155

circulatory

Question 156

blank are so thin that the digestive system is used as the circulatory system

Answer 156

nematodes

Question 157

no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid

Answer 157

open circulatory system

Question 158

fluid in open circulatory systems

Answer 158

hemolymph

Question 159

blank animals require a separate circulatory system for nutrient and waste transport

Answer 159

larger

Question 160

distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart

Answer 160

close circulatory system

Question 161

blank evolved a true chamber pump heart

Answer 161

fishes

Question 162

first chamber of heart of fish consists of the blank and blank, the second consists of the blank and blank

Answer 162

sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, conus arteriosus

Question 163

lungs requires a second pumping circuit called blank

Answer 163

double circulation

Question 164

blank circulation moves blood between the heart and lungs

Answer 164

pulmonary

Question 165

blank circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body

Answer 165

systemic

Question 166

the three chambers of a frogs heart

Answer 166

two atria and one ventricle

Question 167

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood blank in frogs

Answer 167

mix

Question 168

amphibians obtain additional oxygen by blank through their skin

Answer 168

diffusion

Question 169

blank and blank have a four chambered heart

Answer 169

mammals and archosaurs

Question 170

this is in the heart and recieves deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle which pumps it into the lungs

Answer 170

right atrium

Question 171

the heart has two pairs of blank valves

Answer 171

cardiac

Question 172

valves that guard the openings between atria and ventricles

Answer 172

atrioventricular

Question 173

valves in the heart that guard the exits from the ventricles to the arterial system

Answer 173

semilunar

Question 174

blank valve is on the right and is semilunar

Answer 174

pulmonary

Question 175

blank carries oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body

Answer 175

aorta

Question 176

the blank empty oxygen poor blood into the right atrium in the heart

Answer 176

vena cavae

Question 177

these deliver deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the right and left lungs

Answer 177

pulmonary arteries

Question 178

blank return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Answer 178

pulmonary veins

Question 179

in the blank circuit, arteries bring deoxygenated blood away from heart

Answer 179

pulmonary

Question 180

in the blank system, the arteries bring oxygenated blood away from heart

Answer 180

systemic

Question 181

blank arteries supply the heart muscle itself

Answer 181

coronary

Question 182

cardiac cycle of rest

Answer 182

diastole

Question 183

cardiac cycle of contraction

Answer 183

systole

Question 184

the heart contracts starting at the blank node

Answer 184

sinoatrial

Question 185

the sinoatrial node is located in the blank atrium and causes heartbeat and acts as a pacemaker

Answer 185

right

Question 186

blank are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree

Answer 186

arterioles

Question 187

blood from arterioles go into blank

Answer 187

capillaries

Question 188

blood is collected into blank which lead to blank

Answer 188

venules, veins

Question 189

four tissue layers of arteries and veins

Answer 189

endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Question 190

blank are composed of only a single layer of endothelial cells

Answer 190

capillaries

Question 191

allow exchange of gases and fluid and cell exchange

Answer 191

capillaires

Question 192

contraction of the smooth muscle layer results in blank

Answer 192

vasoconstriction

Question 193

vasoconstriction can result in blank

Answer 193

hypertenstion (high blood pressure)

Question 194

relaxation of the smooth muscle layer results in blank

Answer 194

vasodilation

Question 195

veins and venules return blood to the heart with the help of blank contractions

Answer 195

skeletal muscle

Question 196

myocardial infarcations

Answer 196

heart attack

Question 197

main cause of cardiovascular deaths in US and happens from an insufficient supply of blood to heart

Answer 197

heart attack

Question 198

interference with blood supply to the brain, a cardiovascular disease

Answer 198

stroke

Question 199

blank tissue does not grow back

Answer 199

brain

Question 200

blank output is the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Answer 200

cardiac

Question 201

blank increases during exertion because of an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume

Answer 201

cardiac output

Question 202

the blood consists of blank which is the matrix

Answer 202

plasma

Question 203

blank is the second biggest part of blood

Answer 203

red blood cells

Question 204

blank is the third biggest part of blood

Answer 204

platelets

Question 205

blank is the smallest part of blood

Answer 205

white blood cells

Question 206

three functions of circulating blood

Answer 206

transportation, regulation and protection

Question 207

plasma is blank percent water

Answer 207

92

Question 208

five solutes in plasma

Answer 208

nutrients, wastes, hormones, ions, proteins

Question 209

plasma is called blank when proteins are removed

Answer 209

serum

Question 210

blank are also called red blood cells

Answer 210

erythrocytes

Question 211

red blood cells of vertebrates contain blank

Answer 211

hemoglobin

Question 212

a pigment that binds and transports oxygen

Answer 212

hemoglobin

Question 213

these cells in blood are larger than erythrocytes and have nuclei and can migrate out of capillaries

Answer 213

leukocytes

Question 214

cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow

Answer 214

platelets

Question 215

function in the formation of blood clots

Answer 215

platelets

Question 216

all of the formed elements of blood develop from blank stem cells

Answer 216

pluripotent

Question 217

blank is blood cell production

Answer 217

hematopoiesis

Question 218

red blood cell production is called blank

Answer 218

erythropoiesis

Question 219

maintaining blank balance involves taking and giving water to/from the environment and exchanging solutes which maintains blank

Answer 219

osmotic, homeostasis

Question 220

the measure of a solution’s tendency to take in water by osmosis

Answer 220

osmotic pressure

Question 221

the measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of a cell by osmosis

Answer 221

tonicity

Question 222

three types of tonicity

Answer 222

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

Question 223

equal water exchange with surroundings

Answer 223

isotonic

Question 224

water always moves from blank to blank

Answer 224

hypo to hyper

Question 225

organisms that are in osmotic equilibrium with their environment

Answer 225

osmoconformers

Question 226

most marine invertebrates and Chondrichthyes are blank

Answer 226

osmoconformers

Question 227

maintain a constant blood osmolarity different than their environment

Answer 227

osmoregulators

Question 228

most vertebrates are these and all terrestrial animals are these

Answer 228

osmoregulators

Question 229

produced when amino acids and nucleic acids are broken down

Answer 229

nitrogenous wastes

Question 230

in nitrogenous wastes, the blank group is removed which forms blank

Answer 230

amino, ammonia

Question 231

blank are only safe in dilute concentrations, it must be eliminated

Answer 231

nitrogenous wastes

Question 232

excessive accumulation of ammonia derivatives in joints causes blank in humans

Answer 232

gout

Question 233

these animals eliminate ammonia by diffusion via gills

Answer 233

bony fishes and baby amphibians

Question 234

Chondrichthyes, adult amphibians, and mammals convert ammonia into blank which dissolves into blank to get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 234

urea, water

Question 235

birds, reptiles, and insects convert ammonia into the water insoluble blank that uses blank but does not need blank

Answer 235

uric acid, carbon, water

Question 236

a variety of mechanisms have evolved. one is a contractive blank that is used by protists.

Answer 236

vacuoles

Question 237

these pump out water to ensure cell does not burst

Answer 237

vacuoles

Question 238

nitrogenous wastes are excreted through the blank when there is a vacuole present

Answer 238

membrane

Question 239

blank use specialized cells and tubules to get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 239

invertebrates

Question 240

blank are a network of tubes which branch into bulblike blank cells

Answer 240

protonephridia, flame

Question 241

blank remove solutes and excess water from body in flatworms

Answer 241

flame cells

Question 242

blank open to the outside of the body through a pore in flatworms

Answer 242

protonephridia

Question 243

earthworms use blank to get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 243

nephridia

Question 244

there is how many nephridia on each segment

Answer 244

one

Question 245

a series of convoluted tubules that remove excess water and solutes from blood and produce urine

Answer 245

nephridia

Question 246

urine is excreted through a blank in earthworms

Answer 246

pore

Question 247

how insects get rid of nitrogenous wastes

Answer 247

malpighian tubules

Question 248

create an osmotic gradient that draws water into the tubules by osmosis in insects

Answer 248

malpighian tubules

Question 249

blank and blank are secreted into tubules by active transport in insects

Answer 249

h20, K+

Question 250

water and potassium is blank into the open circulatory system through the hindgut

Answer 250

reabsorbed

Question 251

cartilaginous fish are blank to seawater

Answer 251

isotonic

Question 252

shark blood has blank times the amount of urea as a mammal

Answer 252

100

Question 253

the blank concentration in blood is equal to that of the sea water in sharks

Answer 253

solute

Question 254

sharks actually blank the urea instead of excreted

Answer 254

reabsorbs

Question 255

blank are hypotonic to seawater

Answer 255

saltwater bony fish

Question 256

water leaves saltwater bony fish and does blank across its gills

Answer 256

osmosis

Question 257

saltwater bony fish drink a lot of blank

Answer 257

seawater

Question 258

saltwater bony fish have seawater blank that become dissolved in the blank

Answer 258

ions, blood

Question 259

saltwater bony fish actively blank ions across the gill surface

Answer 259

eliminate

Question 260

saltwater bony fishes have blank

Answer 260

kidneys

Question 261

freshwater bony fish are blank to fresh water

Answer 261

hypertonic

Question 262

the blank of freshwater bony fish produces large amounts of dilute urine

Answer 262

kidney

Question 263

freshwater bony fish blank ions across blank

Answer 263

reabsorb, nephrons

Question 264

blank reptiles absorb much of the salt and water in their blood in their kidney

Answer 264

terrestrial

Question 265

terrestrial reptiles move the dilute blank into the blank

Answer 265

urine, cloaca

Question 266

blank is reabsorbed in the cloaca of terrestrial reptiles

Answer 266

water

Question 267

blank and blank are the only vertebrates that can produce urine that is hypertonic

Answer 267

mammals, birds

Question 268

urine is produced from the blood in blank

Answer 268

nephrons

Question 269

blood is carried into the blank of nephron

Answer 269

glomerulus

Question 270

the glomerulus does what

Answer 270

filters out blood

Question 271

filtrate enters the blank in the nephron

Answer 271

bowman’s capsule

Question 272

unfiltered blood blanks in the nephron

Answer 272

drains out

Question 273

filtrate moves through the blank in the nephron

Answer 273

renal tubules

Question 274

when filtrate exits the collecting blank it is now blank

Answer 274

duct, urine

Question 275

three step process of nephron function

Answer 275

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Question 276

blood plasma is filtered out of the glomerulus into the tubule system

Answer 276

filtration

Question 277

selective movement of substances out of the filtrate back into the blood

Answer 277

reabsorption

Question 278

active movement of substances from the blood into the filtrate

Answer 278

secretion

Question 279

three things in urine

Answer 279

hydrogen, potassium, toxins

Question 280

six things reabsorbed in nephron

Answer 280

h2o, na, cl, K, Ca, HCO3

Question 281

kidneys regulate blank balance in the blood by reabsorption and secretion

Answer 281

electrolyte

Question 282

blank eliminate toxins and metabolic wastes

Answer 282

kidneys

Question 283

maintain relatively constant levels of blood, volume, pressure, and osmolarity

Answer 283

kidneys

Question 284

blank hormone is secreted by the blank gland

Answer 284

antidiuretic, pituitary

Question 285

antidiuretic hormone is stimulated by an increase in the blank of blood

Answer 285

osmolarity

Question 286

antidiuretic hormone causes walls of blank tubule and collecting ducts to become more blank to water

Answer 286

distal, permeable

Question 287

antidiuretic hormone blanks reabsorption of water

Answer 287

increases

Question 288

this hormone is secreted by the adrenal cortex

Answer 288

aldosterone

Question 289

the release of aldosterone is stimulated by low levels of blank in the blood

Answer 289

Na+

Question 290

aldosterone causes the blank tubule to blank Na+

Answer 290

distal, reabsorb

Question 291

marine reptiles and birds drink blank and excrete blank urine

Answer 291

seawater, isotonic

Question 292

some marine reptiles and birds eliminate excess salt through blank glands through their nose

Answer 292

salt

Question 293

Three levels of defenses of vertebrates

Answer 293

integumentary, nonspecific immune system, specific immune system

Question 294

defense of vertebrates that includes skin and mucous membranes provide first line of defense

Answer 294

integumentary

Question 295

defense of vertebrate that acts very rapidly after onset of infection

Answer 295

nonspecific immune system

Question 296

vertebrate line of defense that recognizes germs and destroys them

Answer 296

specific immune system

Question 297

largest body organ

Answer 297

skin

Question 298

how many layers of skin

Answer 298

two

Question 299

how many layers of epidermis

Answer 299

5 layers

Question 300

how many cells thick is epidermis

Answer 300

10-30 cells

Question 301

epidermis contains blank which makes skin tough and water resistant

Answer 301

keratin

Question 302

oil and sweat glands give skin a PH of blank to blank

Answer 302

3-5

Question 303

this breaks down bacterial cell walls in the epidermis

Answer 303

lysozyme

Question 304

contains 2 layers of connective tissue and is 15-40 times thicker than epidermis

Answer 304

dermis

Question 305

provides structural support for epidermis, and matrix for blood vessels, muscles and nerve endings

Answer 305

dermis

Question 306

these three tracts are lined by mucous membranes

Answer 306

digestive, respiratory, urogenital

Question 307

this tissue secretes mucus which traps blank

Answer 307

epithelial tissue, microbes

Question 308

this consists of cellular and chemical devices that respond to any microbial infection and is a rapid response

Answer 308

nonspecific immunity

Question 309

three types of blank are the most important nonspecific defense

Answer 309

leukocytes

Question 310

means big eater and is a large/irregularly shaped and kills microbes by phagocytosis and is a leukocyte

Answer 310

macrophages

Question 311

the most abundant type of circulating leukocytes and first appear at site of infection, also eat by phagocytosis

Answer 311

neutrophils

Question 312

type of leukocyte that destroys pathogen-infected and cancer cells by programmed cell death called blank

Answer 312

natural killer lymphocytes, apoptosis

Question 313

blank involves several body systems and is when injured cells dilate and increase permeability

Answer 313

inflammation

Question 314

blank promotes phagocyte accumulation

Answer 314

inflammation

Question 315

redness, warmth, swelling, and pain are all signs of blank

Answer 315

inflammation

Question 316

inflammation is accompanied by an blank manifested by increased temp

Answer 316

acute phase response

Question 317

this promotes activity of phagocytes, while impeding microbial growth

Answer 317

acute phase response

Question 318

The scientific study of immunity began with who in this year

Answer 318

Edward Jenner, 1796

Question 319

Jenner observed that milkmaids had blank rarely got blank

Answer 319

cowpox (mild), smallpox (severe)

Question 320

Jenner blank individuals from cowpox vesicles to protect them from smallpox which started blank

Answer 320

vaccinated, vaccination

Question 321

the four characteristics of the specific or blank immune responses are

Answer 321

specificity, diversity, memory, ability to distinguish self from non self

Question 322

a molecule that provokes a specific immune response

Answer 322

antigens

Question 323

proteins and blank are found on the surface of cells

Answer 323

glycoproteins

Question 324

antigens have specific regions of detection known as blank

Answer 324

epitopes

Question 325

blank direct an immune response against either the antigen or the cell that carries it

Answer 325

lymphocytes

Question 326

when a lymphocyte binds to a specific antigen for the first time, it activates blank

Answer 326

clonal selection

Question 327

two lymphocytes that detect and fight antigens are

Answer 327

B cells and t cells

Question 328

lymphocyte that responds to antigens by secreting blank, or antibodies

Answer 328

B cells, immunoglobulins

Question 329

B cells produce this immunity

Answer 329

humoral (long range)

Question 330

lymphocytes that directly attack cells that carry specific antigens

Answer 330

t cells

Question 331

T cells produce this immunity

Answer 331

cell mediated immunity (close range combat)

Question 332

organs of the immune system consist of these two organs

Answer 332

primary lymphoid, secondary lymphoid

Question 333

organs of the immune system where cells grow and mature

Answer 333

primary lymphoid

Question 334

bone marrow and thymus are blank organs

Answer 334

primary lymphoid organs

Question 335

in these organs, cells move there to expose themselves to antigens

Answer 335

secondary lymphoid organs

Question 336

lymph nodes and spleen are examples of these organs

Answer 336

secondary lymphoid

Question 337

the blank is the site of B cell maturation

Answer 337

bone marrow

Question 338

each B cell has many blank molecules on its surface

Answer 338

lg

Question 339

B cells recognize antigens blank

Answer 339

directly

Question 340

any lymphocyte that binds to self-antigens undergo blank

Answer 340

apoptosis

Question 341

the blank is the site of T cell maturation

Answer 341

thymus

Question 342

each T cell has many blank on its surface

Answer 342

T cell receptors

Question 343

just like B cells, any lymphocytes that bind to self antigens undergo blank

Answer 343

apoptosis

Question 344

the location of secondary lymphoid organs promote the blank of antigens that enter any part of an individual’s body

Answer 344

filtering

Question 345

mature b and T cells become activated in the blank

Answer 345

lymph nodes

Question 346

the blank is the site of immune responses to antigens found mainly in the blood

Answer 346

spleen

Question 347

include the tonsils and appendix and is a secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 347

MALT

Question 348

nonspecific immune cell ingests virus or cancer cell and presents the antigen and is because of T cells

Answer 348

cell mediated immunity

Question 349

T cells destroy the cells with blank antigens

Answer 349

foreign

Question 350

type of immunity with B cells where activation results in clonal expansion into blank and blank cells

Answer 350

humoral immunity, plasma cells, memory cells

Question 351

these are also called antibodies

Answer 351

immunoglobulins

Question 352

consists of four chains forming a y shaped molecule

Answer 352

antibody

Question 353

each chain of y shaped molecule has a blank

Answer 353

antigen binding site

Question 354

each Ig can bind blank identical antigens

Answer 354

2

Question 355

how many classes of immunoglobulins

Answer 355

five

Question 356

the first encounter with a foreign antigen is called the

Answer 356

primary immune response

Question 357

only few b or T cells recognize the antigen in this response

Answer 357

primary immune response

Question 358

during this response there is a large clone of memory cells that can recognize the antigen

Answer 358

secondary immune response

Question 359

this response is more effective

Answer 359

secondary immune response

Question 360

the acceptance of self cells is known as blank

Answer 360

immune tolerance

Question 361

these diseases are caused by the failure of immune tolerance

Answer 361

autoimmune diseases

Question 362

autoimmune disease result in activation of autoreactive blank cells and the production of autoantibodies by blank cells

Answer 362

t, b

Question 363

these diseases cause inflammation and organ damage

Answer 363

autoimmune diseases

Question 364

a blank refers to a greatly heightened response to a foreign antigen

Answer 364

allergy

Question 365

the most common type of allergen is known as immediate blank

Answer 365

hypersensitivity

Question 366

blank cells are activated to secrete antibodies on the initial exposure to an allergen

Answer 366

b

Question 367

blank cells release histamine and other inflammatory mediators

Answer 367

mast

Question 368

producing histamines produce blank of allergy

Answer 368

symptoms

Question 369

People may have blank antigens, blank antigens or neither with is called blank, or both called blank in blood

Answer 369

A, B, O, AB

Question 370

antigens are fought and killed by blank

Answer 370

antibodies

Question 371

some pathogens can alter their surface blank to avoid immune system detection

Answer 371

antigens

Question 372

2 surface proteins of influenza virus

Answer 372

antigenic drift, antigenic shift

Question 373

surface protein that point mutations to the genes that express antigen epitopes

Answer 373

antigenic drift

Question 374

surface protein that sudden appearance of a new virus subtype where proteins are completely different due to antigenic drift

Answer 374

antigenic shift

Question 375

this virus mounts a direct attack on T cells

Answer 375

hiv

Question 376

hiv binds to cd4 proteins on t and is blank

Answer 376

endocytosed

Question 377

an individual is considered to have blank when their T cell level has dropped significantly

Answer 377

aids

Question 378

blank results in an increase in opportunistic infections and cancers

Answer 378

immunosuppression

Question 379

all animals must be able to respond to blank stimuli

Answer 379

environmental

Question 380

these detect stimuli like light, heat, touch

Answer 380

sensory receptors

Question 381

photoreceptors, chemoreceptors are examples of blank receptors

Answer 381

sensory

Question 382

blank respond to stimuli

Answer 382

motor

Question 383

muscles and glands are blank

Answer 383

motor effectors

Question 384

the blank system links sensory and motor

Answer 384

nervous

Question 385

three types of neurons

Answer 385

motor, sensory, interneurons

Question 386

carry impulses to CNS and are neurons

Answer 386

sensory

Question 387

neurons that carry impulses from CNS to effectors

Answer 387

motor neurons

Question 388

neurons that provide more complex reflexes and associateive functions

Answer 388

interneurons

Question 389

the majority of neurons are blank

Answer 389

interneurons

Question 390

learning and memory comes from these neurons

Answer 390

interneurons

Question 391

these support the neurons

Answer 391

neuroglia

Question 392

blank are multiple layers of cell membranes wrapped around axons

Answer 392

myelin sheath

Question 393

myelinated axons are formed from blank matter

Answer 393

white

Question 394

dendrites/cell bodies form from blank matter

Answer 394

gray

Question 395

white matter and gray matter make up the blank

Answer 395

CNS

Question 396

myelinated axons are bundled to form nerves in the blank

Answer 396

pns

Question 397

myelinated axons are bundled to form blank

Answer 397

nerves

Question 398

a blank exists across every neuron’s plasma membrane

Answer 398

potential difference

Question 399

cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane is blank

Answer 399

negative

Question 400

extracellular fluid side is blank in a plasma membrane

Answer 400

positive

Question 401

cytoplasm is negatively charged because of this

Answer 401

sodium potassium pump

Question 402

sodium potassium pump brings two blank into cell for every three blank pumped out

Answer 402

K+, Na+

Question 403

away from poles and toward neutral in terms of voltage

Answer 403

depolarization

Question 404

depolarization makes the membrane potential more blank

Answer 404

positive

Question 405

blank makes it extremely negative in terms of voltage

Answer 405

hyperpolarization

Question 406

a change in membrane potential that moves down the membrane

Answer 406

action potentials

Question 407

one change in voltage after another along the axon

Answer 407

action potentials

Question 408

depolarization, hyperpolarization, resting are how the blank moves down the axon

Answer 408

action potential

Question 409

action potentials are proliferated by blank channels

Answer 409

voltage-gated ion

Question 410

two voltage gated ion channels

Answer 410

Na+ and K+

Question 411

Na+ channels open blank

Answer 411

first

Question 412

K+ channels open blank

Answer 412

second

Question 413

Na+ causes and influx of Na+ ions causing blank

Answer 413

depolarization

Question 414

K+ channel allows in K+ ions and causes blank

Answer 414

hyperpolarization

Question 415

When depolarization occurs, the change in charge is detected by the blank Na+ channels

Answer 415

adjacent

Question 416

Once the cytoplasm is blank enough, the next channel with blank

Answer 416

positive, open

Question 417

the point where sodium is either allowed in or not of the axon

Answer 417

threshold

Question 418

sodium comes in and causes blank

Answer 418

depolarization

Question 419

potassium goes out and causes blank

Answer 419

hyperpolarization

Question 420

Three phases of action potential

Answer 420

undershoot, resting potential, axon terminal

Question 421

the signal moves down the axon until the axon blank

Answer 421

terminal

Question 422

intercellular junctions between neurons

Answer 422

synapses

Question 423

these cells transmit action potential

Answer 423

presynaptic cell

Question 424

these cells receive the action potential

Answer 424

postsynaptic cells

Question 425

chemical synapses have a blank

Answer 425

synaptic cleft

Question 426

this is the space between two cells

Answer 426

synaptic cleft

Question 427

end of presynaptic axon terminal contains blank

Answer 427

synaptic vesicles

Question 428

these synaptic vesicles are packed with blank

Answer 428

neurotransmitters

Question 429

action potential blanks to the other side of the cleft

Answer 429

diffuses

Question 430

neurotransmitters activate blank channels on the postsynaptic cell

Answer 430

ligand gated ion

Question 431

blank induce opening of the channel in ligand gated ion channels

Answer 431

neurotransmitters

Question 432

blank cause changes in cell membranes permeability

Answer 432

neurotransmitters

Question 433

how are neurotransmitters terminated after they are used?

Answer 433

broken down by enzymes

Question 434

two ways to increase velocity of conduction

Answer 434

axon has a large diameter or axon is myelinated

Question 435

axon having a large diameter is primarily found in blank

Answer 435

invertebrates

Question 436

humans axons are blank which increases velocity of conduction

Answer 436

myelinated

Question 437

spaces between myelin sheet

Answer 437

nodes of Ranvier

Question 438

action potential is produced here

Answer 438

nodes of Ranvier

Question 439

impulse jumps from node to node

Answer 439

saltatory conduction

Question 440

prolonged exposure to a neurotransmitter may cause cells to lose the ability to respond to it. this is called

Answer 440

habituation

Question 441

affects the brain’s pleasure pathways and inhibits the reuptake of neurotransmitter and can eventually result in habituation

Answer 441

cocaine

Question 442

when using cocaine, the number of blank to reestablish homeostasis decreases in cells

Answer 442

receptors

Question 443

cocaine use results in a blank neuron activity in normal conditions

Answer 443

decreased

Question 444

the only major phylum without nerves

Answer 444

sponges

Question 445

the simplest nervous system belongs to blank

Answer 445

cnidarians

Question 446

neurons linked to each other in a blank

Answer 446

nerve net

Question 447

a nerve net has no blank neurons

Answer 447

associative

Question 448

a cnidarian is a big blank machine

Answer 448

reflex

Question 449

free-living playhelminthes are the simplest animals with blank activity

Answer 449

associative

Question 450

all other nervous systems are elaborations on the blank model

Answer 450

playhelminth

Question 451

earthworms have a blank that connect to the periphery

Answer 451

cns

Question 452

arthropods have blank centers in the fron and branching blank chords

Answer 452

coordination, nerve

Question 453

cephalopods have several giant blank that connect to a blank brain

Answer 453

giant, large

Question 454

a vertebrate brain is an enlargement of the blank portion of the nerve cord

Answer 454

anterior

Question 455

three basic division of the simplest vertebrate brain

Answer 455

hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain

Question 456

the dominant feature of the brain in vertebrattes

Answer 456

forebrain

Question 457

the increase in brain size in blank reflects the great enlargement of the blank

Answer 457

mammals, cerebrum

Question 458

cerebrum has right and left blank which are connected by the blank

Answer 458

cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum

Question 459

four lobes of hemispheres of brain

Answer 459

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

Question 460

integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory informatino

Answer 460

thalamus

Question 461

integrates visceral activites, controls the pituitary gland and is part of the blank system

Answer 461

hypothalamus, limbic

Question 462

system responsible for emotional responses

Answer 462

limbic system

Question 463

a cable of neurons extending from the brain down through the backbone

Answer 463

spinal cord

Question 464

spinal cord is enclosed and protected by the vertebral column and the

Answer 464

meninges

Question 465

serves as the body’s information highway

Answer 465

spinal cord

Question 466

spinal cord also functions in blank

Answer 466

reflexes

Question 467

the knee jerk reflex is blank which means no interneuron

Answer 467

monosynaptic

Question 468

no interneuron

Answer 468

monosynaptic

Question 469

most reflexes in vertebrates involve a single blank

Answer 469

interneuron

Question 470

the blank nervous system consists of nerves and ganglia

Answer 470

pns

Question 471

are bundles of axons bound by connective tissue

Answer 471

nerves

Question 472

are aggregates of neuron cell bodies

Answer 472

ganglia

Question 473

blank motor neurons stimulate the skeletal muscles to contract

Answer 473

somatic

Question 474

somatic nervous system involves only one blank neuron

Answer 474

motor

Question 475

nervous system with subconscious control

Answer 475

autonomic

Question 476

motor pathway has blank neurons in autonomic nervous system

Answer 476

two

Question 477

the first neuron exits the cns and synapses at autonomic blank

Answer 477

ganglia

Question 478

the second neuron exits the ganglion and regulates blank in motor pathway of ans

Answer 478

effectors

Question 479

two division of autonomic nervous system

Answer 479

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 480

fight or flight, reduce digestion, increase alertness, increase respiration

Answer 480

sympathetic

Question 481

division of ans with slow heart rate/breathing, increase digestive functions and relaxed

Answer 481

parasympathetic division

Question 482

two times of stimuli that sensory receptors sense

Answer 482

exteroceptors and interoceptors

Question 483

three classes of receptors

Answer 483

mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, energy detecting receptors

Question 484

receptors stimulated by mechanical forces like pressure

Answer 484

mechanoreceptors

Question 485

receptors that detect chemicals or chemical changes

Answer 485

chemoreceptors

Question 486

four steps in process of sensory info being percieved

Answer 486

stimulation, transduction, transmission, interpretation

Question 487

receptor potential in sensory cell is created in this step

Answer 487

transduction

Question 488

action potential in sensory neuron in this step

Answer 488

transmission

Question 489

sensory cells respond to stimuli via blank channels

Answer 489

stimulus gated ion

Question 490

depolarization of the receptor cell occurs which is referred to as blank in stimulus gated ion channels

Answer 490

receptor potential

Question 491

only responds to a specific kind of stimulus

Answer 491

stimulus gated ion channels

Question 492

these are mechanoreceptors that transmit impulses based on cell damage

Answer 492

nociceptors

Question 493

pain is the interpretation of blank

Answer 493

nociceptors

Question 494

free nerve endings are located throughout the blank

Answer 494

body

Question 495

there are blank nerve endings where damage is most likely to occur

Answer 495

free

Question 496

mechanoreceptors that are naked dendritic endings of sensory neurons and are sensitive to changes in temperature

Answer 496

thermoreceptors

Question 497

thermoreceptors contain blank channels that are responsive to hot and cold

Answer 497

ion

Question 498

blank receptors are located higher in the skin and are much more numerous than blank receptors

Answer 498

cold, warm

Question 499

several types of mechanoreceptors detect blank

Answer 499

touch

Question 500

how many components of sense of touch

Answer 500

six

Question 501

mechanoreceptors that monitor muscle length and tension

Answer 501

proprioceptors

Question 502

two things that provide information about the relative position or movement of animal’s body parts

Answer 502

muscle spindels, golgi tendon organs

Question 503

mechanoreceptors that monitor blood pressure

Answer 503

baroreceptors

Question 504

baroreceptors are a branched network of afferent neurons in the blank and blank

Answer 504

carotid sinus, aortic arch

Question 505

these mechanoreceptors detect tension or stretch in wallls of blood vessels

Answer 505

baroreceptors

Question 506

when blood pressure decreases, the frequency of impulse blanks in baroreceptros

Answer 506

decreases

Question 507

specialized cells with cytoplasmic extensions are called blank in hair cells

Answer 507

stereocilia

Question 508

when stereocilia bend they send a blank to a sensory neuron

Answer 508

action potential

Question 509

stereocilia detect these three senses

Answer 509

water current, hearing, balance

Question 510

lateral line system of a fish has blank cells in a gelatinous blank

Answer 510

hair, cupula

Question 511

bending of stereocilia detects blank in fish

Answer 511

currents

Question 512

the detection of vibrations

Answer 512

hearing

Question 513

blank receptors provide better directional information than blank receptors

Answer 513

auditory, chemo

Question 514

three chambers filled with fluid wrapped in a coil

Answer 514

cochlea

Question 515

has a basilar membrane with hair cells in the cochlea

Answer 515

organ of corti

Question 516

vibrations of the basilar membrane’s hair cells press the stereocilia against the blank

Answer 516

tectorial membrane

Question 517

sends nerve impulses to the brain where they are interpreted as sound

Answer 517

cochlea

Question 518

bats, shrews, whales, dolphins have the ability to perceive presence and distance of objects by sound

Answer 518

echolocation

Question 519

the gravity receptors consist of two blank in the membranous blank in vertebrates

Answer 519

chambers, labyrinth

Question 520

within the blank and blank are hair cells

Answer 520

utricle, saccule

Question 521

utricle and saccule are embedded in a calcium rich blank

Answer 521

otolith membrane

Question 522

head movement causes the otolithic membrane to move and blank to bend

Answer 522

stereocilia

Question 523

these detect angular acceleration in any direction

Answer 523

semicircular canals

Question 524

swollen chambers of semicircular canals

Answer 524

ampullae

Question 525

hair cell stereocilia with a gelatinous blank protrude into blank

Answer 525

cupula, semicircular canals

Question 526

blank moves fluid in semicircular canals

Answer 526

acceleration

Question 527

these can bind to particular chemicals in extracellular fluid

Answer 527

chemoreceptors

Question 528

membrane of sensory neuron becomes blank and produces action potentials

Answer 528

depolarized

Question 529

senses that are from chemoreceptors, three

Answer 529

taste, smell, blood composition

Question 530

five receptor types of taste

Answer 530

sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami

Question 531

collections of chemosensitive cells associated with afferent neurons

Answer 531

taste buds

Question 532

flies have taste chemoreceptors on their blank

Answer 532

feet

Question 533

blank involves neurons located in the upper portion of the nasal passages

Answer 533

smell

Question 534

humans have over blank smell receptors

Answer 534

50

Question 535

humans can discern blank different smells

Answer 535

thousands

Question 536

these are found in the aortic and carotid bodies and are senstive primarily to pH of plasma

Answer 536

peripheral chemoreceptors

Question 537

these are found in the medulla oblongata of the brain and are sensitive to the pH of blank fluid

Answer 537

central chemoreceptors, cerebrospinal

Question 538

vision begins with the capture of light energy by blank

Answer 538

photoreceptors

Question 539

many invertebrates have photoreceptors in a blank like flatworms

Answer 539

eyespot

Question 540

flatworms can perceive blank but cannot make a blank

Answer 540

direction of light, visual image

Question 541

four phyla have evolved well developed image forming eyes and they are

Answer 541

annelids, mollusks, arthropods, chordates

Question 542

vision is an example of blank evolution because vision is similar in structure but evolved independently

Answer 542

convergent

Question 543

rods have blank which is a broad ranging pigment that detects values

Answer 543

rhodopsin

Question 544

cones have blank

Answer 544

photopsins

Question 545

the more blank you have the more color you see

Answer 545

cones

Question 546

carnivores are blank

Answer 546

dichromats

Question 547

humans are blank

Answer 547

trichromats

Question 548

birds are blank and can see ultraviolet

Answer 548

tetrachromats

Question 549

three layers of cells in retina from external to internal layer

Answer 549

photoreceptors, bipolar cells, ganglion cells

Question 550

photoreceptors stimulate blank cells which stimulate blank cells

Answer 550

bipolar, ganglion

Question 551

action potentials from retina goes to the blank

Answer 551

thalamus

Question 552

each blank of cerebrum receives input from both eyes

Answer 552

hemisphere

Question 553

ability to perceive 3d images

Answer 553

binocular vision

Question 554

prey animals have eyes on side of blank

Answer 554

head

Question 555

predators have eyes on the side of blank

Answer 555

face

Question 556

snakes can see blank

Answer 556

infrared

Question 557

blank organs allow snakes to see infrared

Answer 557

pit

Question 558

elasmobranchs (sharks rays, skates) have blank

Answer 558

electroreceptors

Question 559

this can sense electrical currents generated by the muscle contractions of their prey

Answer 559

ampullae of lorenzini

Question 560

these navigate along the magnetic field lines of the earth, eels, sharks, bees, birds

Answer 560

magnetoception

Question 561

don’t know how blank works

Answer 561

magnetoception

Question 562

there is blank in the periderm

Answer 562

cork

Question 563

this contributes to lateral growth of trees

Answer 563

vascular cambium

Question 564

a blank is established during embryo genesis

Answer 564

root shoot axis

Question 565

pfr may increase plant height because far red light is

Answer 565

reflecting off other plants

Question 566

pulvini cells do not respond to blank

Answer 566

auxin

Question 567

two modified stems

Answer 567

aerial, tubers

Question 568

have no jaws fish

Answer 568

cyclostomata

Question 569

this triggers secretion of HCL from the gastric glands

Answer 569

gastrin

Question 570

this is released into the blood to store acquired nutritents from food

Answer 570

glucagon