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Biology 107 > Biology-Test 4 > Flashcards

Biology-Test 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

P-Generation
F1-Generation
F2-Generation

A
  1. Parent
  2. Hybrids of P-Generation or parents.
  3. Occurs when F1 Generation self-fertilized.
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2
Q

Homozygous

Heterozygous

A
  1. an organism with two identical alleles.

2. an organism with two different alleles.

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3
Q

Dominant allele

Recessive allele

A
  1. Will determine his appearance if present.

2. Will not determine appearance unless both alleles are recessive.

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4
Q

Phenotype

Genotype

A
  1. physical trait

2. Genetic makeup ( including hidden alleles)

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5
Q

Gene loci

A

Specific location of genes along the chromosomes.

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6
Q

Alleles

A
  1. Specific traits given from parents.

2. an organism inherits two alleles, one form each parent. Alleles may be same or different.

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7
Q

“Descent with Modification”

A

Evolutionary history of life, called by Charles Darwin. An ancestral species could diversify into many descendant species by the accumulation of adaptions to various environments.

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8
Q

Artificial Selection

A

modification of species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits.

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9
Q

Natural Selection

A
  1. Unequal reproduction, traits enable for better survival, escape from predators, and reproduce, will be more fit. passing adaptive traits to their offspring.
  2. Happens over thousands of years. and eventually adapt a population to its environment will accumulate.
  3. if environment changes, natural selection will select for adaptions for new conditions, sometimes making a completely new specie in the process.
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10
Q

Key points of Evolution

A
  1. Individuals do NOT evolve. It’s the population.
  2. Natural selection can amplify or diminish only heritable traits. (smart Einstein did not give birth to a smart mathematician)
  3. Evolution is not goal directed. it does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Natural selection is the result of environmental factors that vary from place to place over time.
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11
Q

Natural Selection Vs Artificial Selection

A
  1. Nature chooses the desirable trait, individuals best suited for the environment survive.
  2. Humans choose the desirable trait and breed accordingly to wanted traits.
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12
Q

More Natural Selection

A
  1. is an editing process not a creative mechanism.

2. Is contingent on time and place.

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13
Q

Replicas of Organisms

A

Not actual fossils but figures left on substances like sedimentary strata.

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14
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry. A sign of Evolution

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15
Q

Evolution Backup?

A
  1. Comparative Anatomy(Homology)
  2. Biogeography (same bones, but variation,
    Descent with modification
  3. Molecular Biology
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16
Q

Vestigial Structures

A

Are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors. (Related to comparative Anatomy.)

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17
Q

A Population

A

is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed.

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18
Q

What is the Gene Pool?

A

The total collection of genes in a population at any one time.

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19
Q

Microevolution

A

Small change in a Gene Pool(or alleles). When evolution is occurring in it’s smallest scale.

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20
Q

Genetic Variation Causes? which makes Evolution Possible.

A
  1. Mutation

2. Sexual Reproduction(crossing-over, independent orientation, random fertilization.)

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21
Q

Why can prokaryotes evolve more quickly

A
  1. Bacteria multiplies so rapidly

2. Bacteria are Haploid, mutation can affect immediately.

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22
Q

Hardy-Weinberg principle?

A

The idea that if two different alleles existed in a population, the the frequency of each allele in the gene pool will remain constant because of lack of genetic variation.

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23
Q

What must happen for a population to be in Hardy Weinberg principle?

A
  1. Very large population
  2. No gene flow between populations
  3. No mutation
  4. Random mating
  5. No natural selection.
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24
Q

Main Causes of Microevolution

A
  1. Natural selection, most consistent.
  2. Genetic Drift. The smaller the population the bigger genetic drift impact it may have.
  3. Gene Flow, adding genes to a population.
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25
Q

bottleneck effect(Genetic Drift)

A

Refers to a drastic population change, wildfire, flood, etc. supportive of Genetic Drift.

26
Q

Founder effect(Genetic Drift)

A

Occurs when a group of a population colonize an island or new habitat. (place).

27
Q

Relative Fitness

A

the contribution to the gene pool in the next generation relative to the contribution of other individuals.

28
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Favors intermediate phenotypes. just like babies are from average 6-9 pounds. anything else may be of a greater mortality rate.

29
Q

Directional Selection

A

shifts overall makeup of a population. common during periods of environmental change or when members of a population migrate to a certain habitat.

30
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Occurs when environmental condition favors both ends of a phenotypic range with individuals with intermediate phenotypes.

31
Q

Three ways that Natural Selection can alter variation in a population.

A
  1. Stabilizing Selection
  2. Directional Selection
  3. Disruptive Selection
32
Q

Sexual Selection

A

A form of Natural Selection in which individuals with certain traits are more likely than other to receive mates.

33
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

Noticeable differences not directly associated with reproduction or survival. adornments and size.

34
Q

Intrasexual Selection and Intersecual Selection

A
  1. When individuals compete directly with members of the same sex for mate.
  2. when individuals of one sex (usually females) are choosy in selecting their mates.
35
Q

Balancing Selection

A

Occurs when natural selection maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population.

36
Q

Frequency-Dependent Selection

A

Is a type of Balancing Selection that maintains two different phenotypic forms in a population. Selection acts against either phenotype if it becomes to common.

37
Q

Reasons Natural Selection cannot fashion perfect organisms?

A
  1. Selection can only exist on variants.
  2. Evolution is limited by Historical constraint.
  3. Adaption are often compromises.
  4. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.
38
Q

Speciation

A

The process by which one species splits into two or more species. This is a step farther from microevolution.

39
Q

Biological Specie Concept.

A

The definition of a specie, which have potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

40
Q

Reproductive Isolation?

A

prevents exchange of gene flow. And maintains gaps between species.

41
Q
  1. Morphological Specie Concept

2. Phylogenetic Specie Concept

A
  1. The concept of categorizing species based on traits like size, shape but not sexual interbreeding.
  2. Defines an organism with sets of genetic history. (applies to all data, including fossils & asexual.)
42
Q

Groups of animals by broad to narrow.

A
  1. Domain, Kingdom
  2. Phylum, Class
  3. Order, Family
  4. Genus, Specie
43
Q

Phylogeny

A

A hypothesis of the evolutionary history of a specie or group of related species.

44
Q

Systematics

A

Classifies organs and determines their evolutionary relationships.

45
Q

Carolus linnaeus

A

Introduced system for grouping species. Didn’t believe in evolution and in fact. he drew the tree before Darwin.

46
Q

Scientific name for species. Directions.

A
  1. The two part-name is called Binomial
  2. First part is the Genus
  3. Second part called Specific Epithet.
  4. The Genus is Capitalized and whole name italicized, Both parts name the Specie.)
47
Q

Cryptic Specie

A

Species that are morphologically identical but genetically distinct.

48
Q

Two Process of Speciation

A
  1. Allopatric Speciation

2. Sympatric Speciation

49
Q
  1. Allopatric Speciation

2. Sympatric Speciation

A

Forms while geographically separated from its population. (more common)
2. Emergence of reproductive barrier without geographic effect.

50
Q

Types of Allopatric Speciation

A
  1. Dispersal, new habitat pops out. migration to new island.
  2. Vicariance, Physically split to two new habitats. continental drift or grand canyon.
51
Q

Polyploidy

A

Is a type of Sympatric Isolation where the number of chromosomes duplicates due to error. This has caused Speciation in many plants. however, humans and other animals won’t gain from chromosome errors.

52
Q

Secondary contact consequences (of Species)

A
  1. Reinforcements, Species diverge even more.
  2. Fusion, Species form back to one specie.
  3. Stability, everything remains the same.
53
Q

Stability and Reinforcement types of isolation are?

A
  1. Pre-zygotic & Post-zygotic.
  2. they happen before & after fertilization.
  3. Pre-zygotic may be temporal or Mechanical even Behavior.
  4. Post-zygotic may be zygote mortality, sterile.
54
Q

How to build a Phylogeny

A

Measured by heritable characteristics: behavior, cell structure, chromosome, nucleotide sequence. (ONLY differences help, similarities don’t.

55
Q

Modes of reproduction

A

Ovipary and vivipary

56
Q

Problem with Phylogeny

A

the fact that some heritable traits tell one store and other tell another. some traits in similarity don’t necessarily mean they are closely related.

57
Q

Homology

A

character state shared between two or more individuals because it was it was PRESENT IN IT’S COMMON ANCESTOR. (helpful for phylogeny)

58
Q

Homoplasy

A

Traits shared between two or more species that were not present in common ancestors. (not helpful for phylogeny, in fact. it has an issue.)

59
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Two traits developed in to animals separately but simultaneously.

60
Q

How do we tell difference from Homologies and Homoplasy.

A

Homology is way more common than Homoplasy. compare many animals together by comparing many characteristics and decide what is more common. (Choose the one with more homology rather than Homoplasy)

61
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages.

Biology 107 (10 decks)

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