Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 107 > Biology-Test 3 > Flashcards

Biology-Test 3 Flashcards

DNA Replication & Protein synthesis

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  1. lyso or lyto
  2. phage
  3. Muta
  4. pro
  5. trans
A
  1. To loosen
  2. To eat
  3. To change
  4. Before
  5. Across
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

DNA Structure

A
  1. Nitrogenous base
  2. 5-carbon sugar
  3. Phosphate group (negatively charged)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. Thymine in lieu of Uracil (T for U)
  2. Two strands instead of one.
  3. Bases are different. Sugars, Deoxy and Ribose. (one less oxygen)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nitrogenous bases: what bases go with what other bases.

A
  1. A with T
  2. G with C
    (hydrogen bonds won’t allow others to connect & others just won’t fit)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Pyrimidines

2. Purines

A
  1. Thymine & Cytosine

2. Adenine & Guanine (two rings)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What connects DNA bases or strands

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. They are the weakest.
  3. (covalent bonds are the strongest)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA Replication(semiconservative model)

A
  • making of strands by splitting DNA into two separate strands and adding new nucleotides to each strand.
  • each new helix has an old strand with one new strand.
  • the original is called the father DNA. the two newly formed DNA’s are called the Daughters.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Origin of Replication

A
  1. openings in DNA that start process of DNA Replication.
  2. There are many going on simultaneously to speed up process. (one would take forever since DNA is millions of nucleotides long)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Anti-Parallel

A
  1. DNA strands on a flipped position. (69 like)
    5-3 and 3-5
  2. DNA can only replicate from 5 to 3 prime.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Proteins involved in DNA Replication

A
  1. DNA Polymerase,

2. DNA Ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Functions DNA Polymerase

Functions of DNA Ligase

A
  1. add nucleotides to a growing chain( always replicates to the right. including 3 to 5 prime)
  2. joints small fragments in to a continuous chain.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Helicase and it’s function.

A

is an enzyme that separates DNA into two strands. used when DNA replicates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

Fragments of DNA. that are formed when DNA Polymerase replicate backwards on the lagging strand. (DNA ligase links Okazaki fragments)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

There are how many Amino Acids

A

21.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

3 Nucleotides codes for?

A

One Amino Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA To RNA To Protein (occurrence)

A
  1. DNA To RNA happens in the Nucleus(transcribing)

2. RNA to Protein happens in the Cytoplasm(translation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA/RNA and Protein Monomers?

A
  1. DNA/RNA are Nucleotides

2. Proteins are Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

There are how many Nucleotides in a single gene?

A

1200 or 400 Amino Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Extends DNA chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Helicase

A

separates DNA Double Helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

DNA Ligase

A

connects Okazaki fragments

22
Q

RNA Primase

A

Creates RNA primers

23
Q

RNAse H

A

Removes RNA primers

24
Q

SSB (single strands binding proteins)

A

Prevents Reannealing

25
Q

Sliding Clamp

A

Helps hold Polymerase on DNA.

26
Q

Before cells can divide it must?

A

Duplicate all it’s DNA.

27
Q
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
A
  1. Stands for messenger. the same as RNA.
  2. Translates(read mRNA)
  3. On ribosome. (stands for ribosome)
28
Q

Start and Stop proteins

A

Groups of codons that tell the creating protein to stop and start. (terminate process of translation)

29
Q

Anti-codons

A

Translation from tRNA which goes with mRNA.

30
Q

Average gene has how many amino acids?

A

400 amino acids or 1200 nucleotides.

31
Q

Process of mRNA creation to protein.

A
  1. RNA Polymerase translates data from the Promoter DNA.
  2. RNA grows as RNA Polymerase Translates and moves up the DNA.
  3. When RNA is completed, it exits the Nucleus and into the Cytoplasm ready to create a protein.
32
Q

What is molecular Biology

A

The Study of heredity at the Molecular Level.

33
Q

Bacteriophages (phages)

A

Viruses that exclusively infect bacteria. (bacteria-eaters)

34
Q

T2 Phage

A
  1. Consists solely of DNA and protein.

2. Has a head, tail and tail fiber.

35
Q

Categories of Mutations within a gene.

A
  1. Nucleotide Substitution

2. Nucleotide insertion/deletion.

36
Q

Silent Mutation

A

Mutations with no effect at all because such codon changes code for the same amino acid.

37
Q

Missense Mutation

A

Mutations in which codons changes do change Amino Acids. May have little or no effect on the resulting protein.

38
Q

Nonsense Mutation

A

Mutation which changes codons to a stop Amino Acid. (proteins will be unfinished and thus, NOT function properly.

39
Q

Cause of Mutations

A
  1. Errors occurring during DNA Replication

2. Others caused by physical of chemical Agents. (mutagens)

40
Q

Mutagenesis

A

The production of Mutations.

41
Q

Which insertions/deletions would cost greatest effect on mutation? and which would not?

A

anything not divisible by 3. 2,4,1 are all bad, because codons read in triplets.

42
Q

Lytic Cyle

A
  1. Virus attacking a host cell and using it to reproduce.
  2. After daughter production, all newly made viruses break cell or lyisis it. (Thus lytic cycle)
  3. Recently newly made virus then go to other cells and do the same.
43
Q

Lysogenic Cycle

A
  1. Occurs without destroying the host cell. Viral DNA is inserted by genetic recombination into the bacterial chromosome. Then known as (prophage)
  2. Every time cell divides it replicates the phage DNA along with its own chromosome.
  3. Thus how they reproduce. since Lysogenic cyle does not destroy or lysis the host cell. it may stay there indefinitely.
44
Q

Prophage

A

Name given to a virus in the lysogenic cycle after viral DNA inserts into bacterial chromosome.

45
Q

Today emerging Viruses

A

HIV, Ebola virus, West Nile Virus, SARS(severe acute respiratory syndrome), Avian Flu virus.

46
Q

Mutation

A

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

47
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

An enzyme carried by HIV, which catalyzes reverse transcription from RNA to DNA.

48
Q

Retrovirus

A

characterization of process from RNA To DNA.

49
Q

HIV Porperties

A
  1. Contains 2 copies of RNA genome.

2. 2 copies of Reverse Transcriptase

50
Q

sickle cell allele

A

an example of missence mutation.

51
Q

Point Mutation

A

single nucleotides that are substituted by another nucleotides.

52
Q

Insertions and deletions effects.

A
  1. frame-shift
  2. completely different amino acids.
  3. may have a huge effect if deletion/insertion is not a multiple of 3.

Biology 107 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions