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Biology 107 > Biology-Test 3B > Flashcards

Biology-Test 3B Flashcards

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1
Q

Differentiation

A

involves cell specialization, all cells get specified to function in a certain part of the body.

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2
Q

Chromosomes components

A
  1. Nothing But DNA and Protein
  2. They are inside the Nuclei.
  3. Humans Have 23 paris of chromosomes, 46 total.
  4. Inside part of the chromosomes are little balls called Histones.
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3
Q

Differentiation is controlled by?

A

turning certain genes on or off.

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4
Q

DNA Packaging

A
  1. Folding and Coiling of DNA in Eukaryotic Chromosomes.

2. DNA packaging is useful to prevent transcription.

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5
Q

Barr Body

A

The inactivation of an X chromosome in female mammals.

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6
Q

Stem Cells

A

Undifferentiated cells that may become Differentiated or produce more stem cells.

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7
Q

Egg/Sperm Cells Contain How many chromosomes

A
  1. to combine with egg or sperm to make 46.
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8
Q

Mitosis

A
  1. Reproduce Duplicates of the same.
  2. Make 2 Daughter strands.(NO paternal)
  3. produce skin, Hair, replicate your body.
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9
Q

How do cells turn things on and off? from DNA-RNA-PROTEIN.

A
  1. DNA can be packed or coiled(chromosome)
  2. Number of environmental things floating around need to be there. if one is missing then transcribing may not take place.NEED transcription Factors. chemicals that attach to DNA that allow RNA polymerase to work.
  3. Gets broken down. destroyed in the last phase.
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10
Q

How is DNA packed?

A

Phosphate is negative(-) and Histons are positive(+) thus neutralizing and attracting.

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11
Q

Body Regulation and Segmentation of the body?

A
  1. Decide what is the Head and what is the Tail.
  2. once that decision is made. everything comes in a pattern. head genes give signals to the neck and so on. called master regulatory genes
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12
Q

How can we mess up Regulatory Gene

A

by creating a mutation.

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13
Q

What is Cancer?

A

is unregulated Cell Division. when they start reproducing and don’t stop.

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14
Q

What Mutations Create Cancer?

A

Certain genes that regulate cell division.
Tumor supressor genes: inhibit cell division. turn on genes for cells not to divide.
Oncogenes: when its active in cancer, start dividing and get stuck in the on position.

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15
Q

Proto-Oncogenes

A

Normally promote cell division (unlike oncogenes) every Human has this gene.

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16
Q

Carcinogens

A

Any Agent that is directly involve in causing cancer. UV and Tabacco are major ones.

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17
Q

Colin Pitchfork

A

first person to be found guilty from the use of DNA.

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18
Q

Genome

A

the entirety of an organisms heredity information.

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19
Q

How many Nucleotides in a Human Genome?

A

3.2 billion

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20
Q

Restriction Enzymes

A

Cut DNA at specific sequences. it recognizes specific sequences in DNA.

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21
Q

What can we do with DNA?

A
  1. ID the Nucleotide in a sequence
  2. Measure the length of piece of DNA.
  3. Insert DNA from one organism to another.
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22
Q

Pieces of DNA that are substantial to convict someone of a crime?

A

13 pieces must match.

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23
Q

DNA Profiling

A

the analysis of DNA fragments to determine if they come from a particular individual. because different people have different size of DNA fragments.

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24
Q

Females have what chromosomes and which is not in use.

A

They have XX chromosomes and one is not in use.

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25
Q

Homeotic Genes

A

Are master control genes that determine the anatomy of the body.

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26
Q

Biotechnology

A

The manipulation of organism and their components.

27
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

When two sequences(pieces) of DNA from two different species or sources are synthesis into a single DNA molecule.

28
Q

Plasmids

A
  1. Are small circular DNA molecules duplicate separately from the much larger bacterial chromosome.
  2. They are useful for gene cloning.
29
Q

Gene Cloning

A

The production of multiply identical copies. of a gene carrying a piece of DNA.

30
Q

what enzyme connects the broken plasmid and gene of interest when gene cloning is taking place?

A

DNA ligase joints into covalent bonds.

31
Q

Restriction site

A

The DNA sequence recognized by a particular restriction enzyme. (ex. EcoRI enzymes found in E. coli only recognize sequence GAATTC.

32
Q

Sticky ends

A

ends of a cut of sequence by restriction enzymes that are left without the complimentary nucleotides.

33
Q

Restriction Fragments

A

pieces or sequences of DNA that are cut by restriction enzymes.

34
Q

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

A
  1. Technique by which segments of DNA molecule can be targeted and quickly amplified (Copied) in the laboratory.
  2. Can be blood, or other tissue.
  3. PCR can generate billions of copies of a DNA segment in just a couple Hours.
35
Q

Primer

A
  1. A Strand of Nucleic Acid that serves as a starting point for DNA to bring in DNA Polymerase and replicate.
  2. Primers are essential to the PCR method because they are needed in order for Polymerase to replicate DNA in the billions.
36
Q

PCR steps

A
  1. reaction is heated to separate DNA strands.
  2. mixture is cooled for primers to form hydrogen bonds
  3. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides in 5-3 direction.
  4. cycle 2: replicates .
37
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A
  1. Can separate macromolecules on the basis of size or electrical charge.
  2. Used in DNA Profiling to separate mixtures of DNA obtained from various sources.
38
Q

DNA Profiling at the Gel Electrophoresis level.

A

Sources of DNA are placed in a separate well or hole.

  1. A power supply is attached to form a negative charge on top and positively charge on bottom.
  2. Because all Nucleic Acids are negatively charged. the DNA will move to the attractive site( the bottom).
  3. shorter fragments are faster and move down the longest.
  4. Thus Gel separates DNA fragments by length. then comparing them with all other sources for identity ID.
39
Q

Short Tandem Repeats

A

STR’s are short DNA sequences that repeat many times in a row.

40
Q

Uses of DNA Profiling

A
  1. Evidence of guilt or innocence
  2. Establish Family Relations
  3. Identify Human remains
  4. species ID.
41
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, (without the participation of sperm and egg.) Rule: one parent and offspring with identical genes.

42
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A
  1. Requires fertilization of an egg and sperm.

2. May produce great variation among offspring.

43
Q

Gametes

A

egg and sperm production.

44
Q

Zygote

A

A fertilized egg or organism (human) after sperm invades egg.

45
Q

Meiosis

A

Related to production of sperm and egg.

46
Q

Cell Division roles?

A

Reproduction,Development, Growth and Repair.

47
Q

How do Prokaryotes Reproduce?

A
  1. Cell Division Called Binary Fission.

2. Considered Asexual reproduction.

48
Q

Chromatin

A
  1. When a cell is ready to divide, it’s chromatin coils up. (packing for moving)
  2. DNA in its loose position.
49
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Duplicated chromosome before cell can start to divide. they look like an x.
2. During division, each sister chromatids will go with one cell each.

50
Q

Centromere

A

Area where sister chromatids are joint together. (in the center)

51
Q

Cell cycle consists of 2 main stages, which ones?

A
  1. Interphase, Replicates everything in the Cytoplasm

2. Mitotic Phase. The actual cell division.

52
Q

Interphase time?

A

Is responsible for 90% of time required during cell cycle.

53
Q

Interphase Division

A
  1. The G phase.
  2. The S phase
  3. And G2 phase
    - cell grows during all sub-phases. chromosomes are duplicated only during S phase.
54
Q

Mitotic Phase

A
  1. Divided into 2 sub-phases. (Mitosis & Cytokinesis.)
  2. Second Phase begins before first one ends.
  3. In Mitosis, nucleus and and its contents (DNA/Chromosomes) Divide.
  4. Cytokinesis, cytoplasm is divided into two.
55
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A
  1. A shallow groove in the cell surface which indicates Cytokinesis. it may start on telophase or late anaphase.
  2. Cleavage Furrow contains rings of microfilaments.
56
Q

Cell plate

A

The cleavage furrow version in plant cells. in which the cell plate in the middle grown outward until fusing with plasma membrane.

57
Q

Gene Therapy

A

Aims to treat decease by supplying a functional allele.

58
Q

Genomics

A

is the study of an organism complete set of genes and theirs interactions.

59
Q

Human Genome Project(HGP) revelation.

A
  • Humans have 21 thousand genes. 3.2 billion Nucleotide paris.
  • Only 1.5% of DNA codes for Proteins.
  • Human genome may contain about 100 thousand proteins.
60
Q

Proteomics

A

is the scientific study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome.

61
Q

Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

the idea of cell division when cells are missing.

62
Q

Benign vs. Malignant Tumors

A

Benign stay at original site. Malignant spread to other location by Metastasis.

63
Q

Karyotype

A

..

64
Q

Trisomy 21

A

..

Biology 107 (10 decks)

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