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biology quiz 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q
  • “Particles are in constant, random motion”
  • Helps materials move across the cell membrane.
A

Brownian Motion

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2
Q

Difference in concentration between two areas.

A

Concentration Gradient

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3
Q

Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

This is called…

A

moving down a concentration gradient

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4
Q

…help move materials across the cell membrane

A

Concentration Gradients

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5
Q

Occurs when molecules are evenly distributed on either side of the cell membrane.

A

Equilibrium

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6
Q

The overall (net) flow of molecules..

A

does not change.

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7
Q

The molecules (?do/do not?) stop moving after reaching equilibrium.

A

DO NOT

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8
Q

What are the 3 ways in which molecules will be transported across the cell membrane in order to reach equilibrium?

A
  1. Passive transport
  2. Active transport
  3. Endocytosis/Exocytosis
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9
Q

The movement across cell membranes WITHOUT the input of energy.

A

Passive transport

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10
Q

Three types of passive transport

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Facilitated diffusion
  3. Osmosis
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11
Q

Is the overall (net) movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

Diffusion

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12
Q

The particles move DOWN their concentration gradient to reach equilibrium

DOES NOT REQUIRE ENERGY

A

Diffusion

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13
Q

The use of transport proteins to help, or facilitate, the diffusion of particles across the cell membrane.

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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14
Q

Occurs DOWN a concentration gradient.
This is still passive transport so NO energy is required

A

Facilitated Diffusion

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15
Q

Facilitated diffusion is used for:

A

Molecules that are too big.
Charged Ions.

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16
Q

2 Types of transport proteins

A
  1. Carrier proteins
  2. Channel proteins
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17
Q

Used to transport molecules which are TOO BIG (ex. sugar)
They CHANGE SHAPE to allow certain molecules to cross the cell.

A

Carrier Protein

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18
Q

Used to transport CHARGED IONS.
Forms a TUNNEL-LIKE PORE in the membrane.
When the pores are open, they allow charged ions in and out of the cell.

A

Channel Proteins

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19
Q

The diffusion of WATER across the membrane.
Water moves from high to low
Water moves down its concentration gradient.
Does not require energy.

A

Osmosis

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20
Q

Solution with MORE WATER MOLECULES and LESS SOLUTE (PARTICLES)
a cell placed in the solution will SWELL

A

Hypotonic solution

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21
Q

Solution with LESS WATER MOLECULES and MORE SOLUTE (PARTICLES)
a cell placed in the solution will SHRINK

A

Hypertonic solution

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22
Q

When the concentration of solute outside the cell is the SAME as the concentration of solute inside the cell.
A cell placed in the solution will REMAIN THE SAME.

A

Isotonic solution

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23
Q

Allow the passage of some materials but not others.

A

Cell membranes

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24
Q

membrane properties
membranes can ______ according to each cells needs.
Therefore, membranes are fluid and flexible.
Called…

A

change, “Fluid-Mosaic Model”.

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25
Q

Composed of a double layer of phospholipids.
Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates are embedded between the layers.

A

Membrane structure

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26
Q

each… has a head and a tail.

A

Phospholipid molecules

27
Q

Hydrophilic

A

water loving

28
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing

29
Q

Hydrophilic

Makes up the ____ of the phospholipid.
Dissolve easily in water.

A

head

30
Q

Hydrophobic
Makes up the ____ of the phospholipid.
Water molecules repel, or push away the ____ end of the phospholipid.

A

Tail

31
Q

Phospholipids arrange themselves into two layers called a…

A

Bilayer

32
Q

The hydrophilic head faces…, towards the water.

A

outside

33
Q

The hydrophobic tail is sandwiched ______ where it is shielded from water.

A

inside

34
Q

2 membrane functions

A

Biological Barrier
Selective filter

35
Q

Prevents many substances from entering the cell that may harm the cell in a way.

A

Biological Barrier

36
Q

Cell membranes must be able to allow some materials to cross while excluding others.
Called being Semi-Permable

A

Selective filter

37
Q

Semi-Permeability depends on..

A

Particle size
Membrane proteins

38
Q

Molecules that are small (like water and oxygen) can cross the membrane by slipping in between phospholipids.

A

Particle size

39
Q

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane act like… into or out of the cell.

A

passage ways

40
Q

They transport certain substances through the membrane.

A

Transport proteins

41
Q

The cell membrane is..

A

semi-permeable
allows water to pass through while excluding all other molecules.

42
Q

In passive transport, where does the energy that allows the particles to move come from?

A

Brownian Motion

43
Q

Factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

A

Temperature, size, concentration

44
Q

Why the diffusion rate increases with temperature?

A

The concentration level depends in the temperature.

45
Q

In what phase (solid, liquid, gas) does diffusion occur at the highest/lowest rate?

A

Solid is slowest and Gas is fastest

46
Q

In facilitated passive transport, why is the size of the channel important?

A

The amount of ions passing through depends in how wide the channel is.
Wider = more molecules

47
Q

does the concentration gradient for the ion or molecule determine the net direction and rate of movement?

A

yes

48
Q

is atp (a type of energy) required for a cell to do facilitated passive transport (diffusion)?

A

no energy is needed

49
Q

The movement of particles from high to low concentration is called..

A

Diffusion

50
Q

The order if particle movement from fastest to slowest is..

A

gas -> liquid -> solid

51
Q

A channel protein might look like..

A

a tunnel

52
Q

A shuttle (carrier) might look like

A

A lock and key

53
Q

2 ways in which molecules will be transported across the cell membrane in order to reach equilibrium:

A

Passive Transport and Active Transport

54
Q

Uses energy to transport molecules against their concentration gradients.

Moves particles from low to high concentration.

Like riding a bike uphill

A

Active transport

55
Q

Cells use active transport for 2 reasons:

plant cells…
animal cells…

A

plant cells located in the roots take in minerals from the surrounding soil.
animal cells remove waste.

56
Q

Method of moving molecules into or out of the cell by active transport.

A

Endocytosis/Exocytosis

57
Q

Membrane fold in and forms a pocket around the material to be transported.
- requires energy to move particles against their concentration gradient.

A

Endocytosis

58
Q

3 types of Endocytosis

A

Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

59
Q

-Means cells eating
-Used by cells to ingest food or other solid materials.

A

Phagocytosis

60
Q

-Means cells drinking
-Used by cells to ingest droplets of water, or fluids.

A

Pinocytosis

61
Q

-Receptors protrude from the membrane surface and detect specific compounds or cells in the environment.
-When a receptor identifies an item for transport, the receptor binds to it and triggers endocytosis.
-Used to take in molecules such as cholesterol and some hormones

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

62
Q

-Allows materials stored in vesicles and vacuoles to exit the cell.
-The vacuoles or vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and the stored contents are released.
-Opposite of endocytosis
-Requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

A

Exocytosis

63
Q

Semi-permeable membranes extend beyond their role in…

A

living cells

64
Q

A variety of technological and medical applications also use types of transport across…

A

membranes

Science 10 (5 decks)

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