biology quiz 1 Flashcards
What makes something a living organism?
-needs energy
-produces waste
-respond and adapt to their environment
-reproduce
-grow
-made up of cells
Theory of Spontaneous Generation (abiogenesis) - life forms arising from non-living material. (person)
Aristotle
The first person to use scientific experiments to test the theory of spontaneous generation (disproved it).
Francesco Redi
-Believed that spontaneous generation did not occur
-Theory that micro-organisms give rise to more micro-organisms.
-his experiments provided evidence of biogenesis.
Louis Pasteur
Living organisms only arise from other living organisms
Biogenesis
____ and _________ _______, Dutch lens-makers, invented the microscope in about 1595
- Led to the discovery that…
Hans and Zacharias Janssen
…all living things are composed of cells
______ _____ looked at cork cells under a microscope.
and what he saw was…
Robert Hooke
…dead cell walls
first to describe single celled-organisms “animalcules”.
Antony van Leeuwanhoek
who contributed in The Cell Theory?
Hooke, Leewenhoek, Schwann, Schleidan, and Virchow
What is The Cell Theory?
- All organisms are made up of one or more cells.
- The cell is the smallest functional unit of life.
- All cells are produced from other cells.
Are Viruses alive?
Viruses do not have independent life functions so they are not considered functional units of life.
What are Viruses?
-Genetic material inside a protein coat.
-Ex. Hiv, Sars, common cold, rabies, cold sores,,,
-Cannot replicate themselves take over host cells.
was a supporter of cell theory, he disproved spontaneous generation and observed the division of cells. Thus making the cell theory, “All cells are produced from other cells”.
Rudolf Virchow
“blank slate” cells that divide to produce all other types of specialized cells.
Stem Cells
allows light to pass through the stage
stage opening
brings objects into rapid but coarse focus
coarse adjustment
regulates amount of light entering scope
diaphragm
lens capable of 4x magnification on revolving nosepiece
low power objective lens
holds glass slide and specimen in place
stage clips
supports sides
stage
directs lights into the scope
mirror or lamp
turns to change from one power to another
revolving nose piece
lens capable of 10x magnification
eyepiece (ocular lens)
brings specimen slowly and sharply into view
fine adjustment
is attached to the revolving nose piece and contains a lens capable of 40x magnification
high power objective lens
what is the difference between a simple microscope and a compound microscope?
simple has 1 lense and compound has 2 lenses.
how are images produced when using an electron microscope versus a light microscope?
an electron microscope uses a beam of electrons while as a light microscope uses a beam of light.
what is the difference between the coarse adjustment and the fine adjustment?
Coarse = Coarse
Fine = Sharp
How and why staining techniques are used to study cells?
It allows the cell and/or part of the cell to be seen.
Cells all perform specialized tasks, share several basic structures and functions. contains __________.
organelles
A specialized part of the cell which carries out a particular function.
Organelles
Boundary around the cell- composed of lipids
Protective barrier that allows the transport of materials into and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
Jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
Made up mostly water.
Suspends contents within the cell.
Cytoplasm
Directs all the cell’s activities.
Contains the cell’s genes
Nucleus
Contains digestive enzymes to help break down particles.
Gets rid of infectious (bad) cells or old dead cells
Lysosomes
Network of folded membranes and tubes connected to the nucleus.
2 types:
smooth: does not contain ribosomes (SER)
rough: Contains ribosomes (RER)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
DOES NOT CONTAIN RIBOSOMES.
Makes lipids.
Packages large molecules (lipids or proteins) into vesicles.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transported to other parts of the cell (usually to the cell membrane or the golgi apparatus).
Vesicles
Makes proteins.
Attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
Ribosomes
Sorts and packages molecules into vesicles which are distributed to other locations in the cell.
Produces lysosomes.
“POST OFFICE”
Golgi Apparatus
Provides energy to the cell.
“The powerhouse of the cell”.
Mitochondria
Cylindrical structures located outside the nucleus.
Plays a role in cell division.
IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
Centrioles
Provides storage space for water, food, minerals.
Used in plant cells to regulate the amount of water in the cells.
Occupy nearly the entire cell volume (IN PLANT CELLS).
Animal cells have smaller ________.
Vacuoles
Rigid and supportive.
Give cells their shape.
Made up of cellulose.
FOUND IN PLANT CELLS ONLY
Cell Wall
Organelles of photosynthesis.
Contains green pigment called Chlorophyll.
Absorb energy from the sun and converts it to a chemical energy used for photosynthesis.
FOUND IN PLANT CELLS ONLY.
Chloroplasts
