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Biopsychology > Biology of Mating and Parenting > Flashcards

Biology of Mating and Parenting Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A
  • Present at birth
    > Gonads - ovaries or testes
    > External genitalia
    > Internal sex organs
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2
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A
  • Appear at puberty
    > Enlarged breasts, wide hips
    > Facial hair, deep voice
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3
Q

Sexual Maturation

A
  • Puberty occurs when hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • Anterior pituitary releases gonadotropins
    > Follicle stimulating hormone
    > Luteinizing hormone
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4
Q

Sexual Maturation for Females

A
  • Rising levels of gonadotropins stimulate ovaries to release estrogen
  • Oestradiol responsible for secondary sexual characteristics
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5
Q

Sexual Maturation for Males

A
  • Testes release Androgens
  • spermatogenesis is initiated and then sustained by FSH and testosterone as puberty progresses
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6
Q

Oestradiol and Androgens

A
  • Halt skeletal growth
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7
Q

Oestrus Cycle

A
  • Most mammals
    > eg. cats, horses, dolphins, giraffes
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8
Q

FSH

A
  • Anterior Pituitary gland
    > Stimulates follicular growth in ovaries
    > Stimulates estrogen secretion
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9
Q

LH

A
  • Anterior Pituitary gland
    > Surge causes ovulation
    > Results in formation of a corpus luteum
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10
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Ovaries
    > Thickens uterine lining
    > Inhibits FSH, LH for most of cycle
    > Stimulates FSH and LH release pre-ovulation
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11
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Ovaries
    > Thickens uterine lining
    > Inhibits FSH and LH
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12
Q

Ovulation

A
  • Ovarian follicles ruptures releasing the ovum
  • Ruptured Ovarian Follicle becomes Corpus Luteum
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13
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • Produces Oestrogen and Progesterone
  • Embryo produces hCG
  • If egg not fertilised then oestrogen and progesterone levels fall
    > Uterus produces prostaglandins which cause uterus to contract, marking start of menstruation
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14
Q

Hormonal Effects on female sexual behaviour

A
  • Oestrogen and Progesterone control willingness to mate
  • Oestrous cycle mammals - not interested and can only get preg when ‘in heat’
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15
Q

Female human sexual behaviour: Adams, Gold, Burt (1978)
Morris et al (1987)

A
  • Studied sexual interest in women
  • Fluctuations in hormone level showed no effect on sexual behaviour but did in sexual interest
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16
Q

Female Human Sexual Behaviour: Matteo and Rissman (1984)

A
  • studied lesbian couples
  • mensteral cycles likely to be synchronised
  • increase in sexual interest and activity during middle of cycle
  • ovarian hormones influence female sexual interest
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17
Q

Female Human Sexual Behaviour: Van Goozen (1977)

A
  • women did instigate more sexual activity around ovulation
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18
Q

Female Human Sexual Behaviour: Slob et al (1996)

A
  • women rate an erotic video as more pleasurable and stimulating if they watch during periovulatory period
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19
Q

Female Human Sexual Behaviour: Wallen (2001)

A
  • sexual desire may not lead to sexual beh due to women not instigating or worry about pregnancy
20
Q

Hormonal effects on Male sexual behaviour

A
  • Bagatell et al (1994)
  • gave placebo or gonadotrophin releasing hormone antagonist to young male volunteers
  • 2 weeks later those given antagonist reported decreased sexual interest, fantasy and intercourse
21
Q

Male Sexual Behaviour: Wallen et al (1991)

A
  • injected GnRH antagonist in male rhesus monkey
  • injection suppressed testosterone secretion and sexual behaviour declined after one week
  • decline related to social rank & experience
  • highest ranking male continued to copulate and ejaculate at same rate but not lower social ranking monkeys
22
Q

Male Sexual Behaviour: Hellhammer et al (1985)

A
  • found watching an erotic film increased men’s testosterone levels
23
Q

Male Sexual Behaviour: Anonymous (1970)

A
  • stationed on remote island
  • shaved and weighed beard clippings
  • before came off island (in anticipation of returning to loved one) beard grew faster
24
Q

Pheromones

A
  • chemicals released by one animal
  • affects the behaviour of physiology of another
  • some of these chemicals affect reproductive physiology and beh
  • in Mammals most pheromones are detected by olfaction
25
Q

Pheromones Physiological Effects: Lee-Boot effect (van der Lee and Boot, 1955)

A
  • when female rats are housed together, their oestrus cycles slow down and eventually stop
26
Q

Pheromones Physiological Effects: Whiten effect (1959)

A
  • if groups of females are exposed to the odour of a male they start cycling again and their cycles tend to be synchronised
27
Q

Pheromones Physiological Effects: Vandenbergh effect (1975)

A
  • early onset of puberty in female rats housed with males
28
Q

Pheromones Physiological Effects: Brace effect (1960)

A
  • pregnancy of a recently impregnated female mouse is likely to fail if she encounters a male other than the one she mated with.
29
Q

Pheromones Behavioural Effects

A
  • pheromones located in vaginal secretions of female hamsters stimulate sexual behaviours in males
  • some pheromone related phenomena also occur in humans
30
Q

Pheromones in Humans: McClintock (1971) all female college

A
  • studied menstrual cycles of women attending all-female college.
  • women who spent large amount of time together tended to have synchronised cycles
  • women who regularly spent time in presence of men tended to have shorter cycles than those who rarely spent time with men
31
Q

Pheromones in Humans: Russell, Switz and Thompson (1980) sweaty arm pits

A
  • collected daily samples of women’s underarm sweat
  • dissolved samples in alcohol and swabbed them onto upper lips of groups of women (3 times a week)
  • menstrual cycles of receivers become synchronised with the cycles of the donors
32
Q

Pheromones in Humans: Russell (1976) smelling T-shirts

A
  • participants could distinguish between T-shirts they had worn and those previously worn by other people, by smell alone
  • could identify gender of the wear too
33
Q

Maternal Behaviour

A
  • Kaitz,1987
  • one most surprising abilities of new mothers is ability to recognize their child on the basis of smell
34
Q

Maternal Behaviour: Monkeys

A

Maestripieri and Zehr (1998)
- pregnant monkeys become more interested in baby monkeys as their pregnancy progresses

Mayer and Rosenblatt (1984)
- hormones produced late in pregnancy make females less responsive to infant rats
- after delivery, mother rats, monkeys and all mammalian species become highly attentive to their own young

35
Q

A newborn rat or mouse

A
  • resembles a foetus
  • cold blooded
  • eyes shut
  • can not move
  • can not release urine or faeces
36
Q

Rat maternal behaviour

A

Prepartum
- nest building

Postpartum
- retrieval
- licking
- maternal aggression

37
Q

Pre Partum: Nest Building

A

-facilitated by progesterone
Lisk et al (1969)
- gave progesterone to non-pregnant females causing NEST BUILDING
- gave oestrogen, which STOPPED IT

Voci & Carlson (1973)
- progesterone and prolactin facilitated nest building

38
Q

Partuation

A
  • female rat licks the area around her vagina
  • pups born she aids contractions by pulling them out
  • eats placenta
  • cleans foetal membranes from the pup
39
Q

Partuation: Yeo and Keverne 1986

A
  • simulating birth by extending birth canal in non pregnant rats stimulates maternal behaviour
  • removing afferent nerves from birth canal decreases maternal behaviour
40
Q

Progesterone Drop at Parturition

A
  • hysterectomies on pregnant rats – stops release of progesterone.
  • placed pups near the rat
  • ontrol group of non-mothers ignored pups
  • hysterectomised rats did show maternal behaviour
  • later in pregnancy rat is hysterectomised, the greater effect is
  • supports Rosenblatt’s theory
41
Q

Rosenblatt cont. 1

A
  • each stage pregnancy, ovariectomy reduced effect of hysterectomy
  • rats that are given the double operation take longer to develop maternal behaviours than animals only given a hysterectomy
  • suggests presence of high oestrogen levels against background of low progesterone levels stimulates maternal behaviour at end of a normal pregnancy.
42
Q

Rosenblatt cont. 2

A

G1: Hysterectomised - progesterone declines, normal oestrogen level.

G2: Hysterectomised + ovariectomised - progesterone declines, source of oestrogen removed

G3: Hysterectomised + ovariectomised + oestrogen injection - progesterone declines, source of oestrogen removed and then replaced with oestrogen injection.

G1- maternal beh
G2- longer to exhibit maternal beh
G3- injection of oestrogen overcomes effect of ovariectomy and restores rapid onset of maternal beh

43
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • powerful hormone that acts as a neurotransmitter in brain
  • regulates social interaction and sexual reproduction
  • role in beh from maternal-infant bonding and milk release to empathy, generosity, and orgasm
  • huge role in all pair bonding
  • greatly stimulated during sex, birth, and breastfeeding
  • hormone that underlies trust.
44
Q

Oxytocin: Pedersen et al (1982)

A
  • virgin female rats received an injection into ventricles of the brain
  • given 48 hours after ovariectomy and priming with oestrogen
  • 85% of rats treated with oxytocin were maternal
  • 18% of control rats were maternal
45
Q

Oxytocin: Pedersen et al (1994)

A
  • drugs that block action of oxytocin prevent mother rat from gathering her young into the nest and nursing them
  • oxytocin could be responsible for rapid initiation of maternal behaviours seen shortly after parturition
46
Q

Neural Control Of Maternal Behaviour

A
  • medial preoptic area (MPA) appears important for maternal beh
  • Numan (1974) found lesions of the MPA disrupted nest building and pup care

Biopsychology (6 decks)

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