Biology lecture exam #3 Flashcards
Metabolism
Chemical Reaction within cell
Exergonic
RELEASE energy for work
Endergonic
REQUIRE energy for work
Uses rather than producing energy
Anabolism
constructing complex molecules from simpler ones.
etc. Protein synthesis (ATP)
Builds molecules by condensation reactions
Catabolism
Break down complex molecules into simple ones.
etc. Break down glucose
Breaks down molecules by hydrolysis reactions
What are the component parts of an ATP molecule?
the nitrogenous base, ADENINE; the sugar, RIBOSE; and a chain of THREE PHOSPHATE groups bounds to ribose.
How is energy stored in ATP?
Stored between the three bonds that make up ATP.
Specifically the bound of the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group.
What is the relationship between ATP and exergonic and endergonic reactions?
When energy from ATP is released then that is a exergonic reaction but when ADP+Pi was creating ATP that is an endergonic reaction
What does “LEO says GER” mean
Lose electron and oxidizes —– Gain electron and reduces
What is NAD+ or NADP+?
act as key electron carriers in redox reactions within cells
how do NAD+ or NADP+ play a role in redox?
accepting electrons from other molecules in their oxidized form (NAD+ or NADP+) and becoming reduced to NADH or NADPH
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules.
Enzyme
proteins that help speed up metabolism
Catalyst
a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process
Active site
the region of an enzyme where a molecule will bind to and undergo a chemical reaction
Substrate
is a molecule acted upon by an enzyme.
Cofactor
A nonprotein substance needed by an enzyme for normal activity
Product
end substances after a biological process has occurred
Allosteric site
a site that allows an inhibitor to change the shape of the enzyme
Metabolic pathway
the process of turning what you eat into energy your body will uses
2 types: anabolic and catabolic
Feedback inhibition
a cellular control mechanism that limits the amount of products produced in enzymatic reactions
Reversible competitive inhibition
when an inhibitior attaches to the enzyme temporary not allowing the substrate to attach and stopping the reaction
Reversible non-competitive inhibition
what a inhibitor attaches to the allosteric site causing the enzyme to change shape
Irreversible inhabitations
inhibitor that permanently block the action of an enzyme
How do enzymes affect activation energy in catabolic and anabolic reactions?
significantly lowering it
What does activation energy have to do with the inability of many reactions from occurring spontaneously?
It has to reach the minimum requirement to form a reaction
What does shape have to do with enzyme function?
it determines which molecules can bind to it
How does the enzyme active site relate to the substrate?
the shape and chemistry of the substrate are complementary to the shape and chemistry of the active site on the enzyme
What role do cofactors play in enzyme activity?
Helps the binding of the substrate to the enzyme so it can work at its best
How do enzymes affect activation energy in catabolic and anabolic reactions?
lower the activation energy required for both catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (building up) reactions
What does shape have to do with enzyme function?
Shape allows certain substrates to bind to the enzyme so it creates a chemical reaction the cell needs
What is the overall formula for cellular aerobic respiration of glucose?
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water+ energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
What is being oxidized in the formula?
loses electrons
What is being reduced?
gaining a electron
Glycolysis and Acetyl-CoA formation produces
Produced from each glucose molecule
2 NADH’s
2 ATP’s
2 CO2s
Citric Acid Cycle produces
Produced fomr each glucose molecule
6 NADH’s
2 FADH’s
2 ATP’s
4 CO2’s
Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis produces
Produced from each glucose molecule
32 ATP’s
lots of H2O
How is the hydrogen ion concentration gradient related to ATP production
ATp synthesize needs 3 hydrogen ions to produce ATP but if the is no concentration gradient then the hydrogen ion stop attaching to the ATP syntheses transport
What is the goal of the Light Reaction?
to CAPTURE light energy from the sun to convert into energy..
Fermentation
anaerobic pathway that does not involve an electron transport chain
Heterotroph
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy
Autotroph
organism that can create its own food using sunlight or chemical energy
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + O2 —> CO2 + H2O+ energy (ATP)
Photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H2O + Light energy —> glucose + O2
What is the goal of the Calvin Cycle?
to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar
___ is being reduced to ___
ADP —> ATP
___ is being oxidized to ___
NAD+ —> NADH
Anaerobic respiration
is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen.
Aerobic respiration
is a chemical process that uses oxygen to generate energy from carbohydrates and lipids
Glycolysis
Is the process of turning glucose into pyruvate
Formation of acetyl CoA
Pyruvate transport through active transport into mitochondria
in the mitochondria pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA
Critic acid cycle
Converts acytle CoA into NADH, CO2, FADH, and ATP in 8 different chemical in reactions
What is RuBisCo?
An very important enzyme that converts CO2 gas into glucose which produces energy and food for autotrophs.
Electron transport chain
series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP
What is redox reaction
a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between molecules.
Related to oxidation and reduction
Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Process of acytle CoA
Cirtrict acid cycle
Electron transport train
