Biology lecture exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical Reaction within cell

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2
Q

Exergonic

A

RELEASE energy for work

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3
Q

Endergonic

A

REQUIRE energy for work
Uses rather than producing energy

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

constructing complex molecules from simpler ones.
etc. Protein synthesis (ATP)
Builds molecules by condensation reactions

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

Break down complex molecules into simple ones.
etc. Break down glucose
Breaks down molecules by hydrolysis reactions

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6
Q

What are the component parts of an ATP molecule?

A

the nitrogenous base, ADENINE; the sugar, RIBOSE; and a chain of THREE PHOSPHATE groups bounds to ribose.

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7
Q

How is energy stored in ATP?

A

Stored between the three bonds that make up ATP.
Specifically the bound of the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group.

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8
Q

What is the relationship between ATP and exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

When energy from ATP is released then that is a exergonic reaction but when ADP+Pi was creating ATP that is an endergonic reaction

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9
Q

What does “LEO says GER” mean

A

Lose electron and oxidizes —– Gain electron and reduces

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10
Q

What is NAD+ or NADP+?

A

act as key electron carriers in redox reactions within cells

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11
Q

how do NAD+ or NADP+ play a role in redox?

A

accepting electrons from other molecules in their oxidized form (NAD+ or NADP+) and becoming reduced to NADH or NADPH

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12
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy that is required to activate atoms or molecules.

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13
Q

Enzyme

A

proteins that help speed up metabolism

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14
Q

Catalyst

A

a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process

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15
Q

Active site

A

the region of an enzyme where a molecule will bind to and undergo a chemical reaction

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16
Q

Substrate

A

is a molecule acted upon by an enzyme.

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17
Q

Cofactor

A

A nonprotein substance needed by an enzyme for normal activity

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18
Q

Product

A

end substances after a biological process has occurred

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19
Q

Allosteric site

A

a site that allows an inhibitor to change the shape of the enzyme

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20
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

the process of turning what you eat into energy your body will uses
2 types: anabolic and catabolic

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21
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

a cellular control mechanism that limits the amount of products produced in enzymatic reactions

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22
Q

Reversible competitive inhibition

A

when an inhibitior attaches to the enzyme temporary not allowing the substrate to attach and stopping the reaction

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23
Q

Reversible non-competitive inhibition

A

what a inhibitor attaches to the allosteric site causing the enzyme to change shape

24
Q

Irreversible inhabitations

A

inhibitor that permanently block the action of an enzyme

24
How do enzymes affect activation energy in catabolic and anabolic reactions?
significantly lowering it
25
What does activation energy have to do with the inability of many reactions from occurring spontaneously?
It has to reach the minimum requirement to form a reaction
26
What does shape have to do with enzyme function?
it determines which molecules can bind to it
27
How does the enzyme active site relate to the substrate?
the shape and chemistry of the substrate are complementary to the shape and chemistry of the active site on the enzyme
28
What role do cofactors play in enzyme activity?
Helps the binding of the substrate to the enzyme so it can work at its best
29
How do enzymes affect activation energy in catabolic and anabolic reactions?
lower the activation energy required for both catabolic (breakdown) and anabolic (building up) reactions
30
What does shape have to do with enzyme function?
Shape allows certain substrates to bind to the enzyme so it creates a chemical reaction the cell needs
31
What is the overall formula for cellular aerobic respiration of glucose?
glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water+ energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 ----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
32
What is being oxidized in the formula?
loses electrons
33
What is being reduced?
gaining a electron
34
Glycolysis and Acetyl-CoA formation produces
Produced from each glucose molecule 2 NADH's 2 ATP's 2 CO2s
35
Citric Acid Cycle produces
Produced fomr each glucose molecule 6 NADH's 2 FADH's 2 ATP's 4 CO2's
36
Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis produces
Produced from each glucose molecule 32 ATP's lots of H2O
37
How is the hydrogen ion concentration gradient related to ATP production
ATp synthesize needs 3 hydrogen ions to produce ATP but if the is no concentration gradient then the hydrogen ion stop attaching to the ATP syntheses transport
38
What is the goal of the Light Reaction?
to CAPTURE light energy from the sun to convert into energy..
39
Fermentation
anaerobic pathway that does not involve an electron transport chain
40
Heterotroph
an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy
41
Autotroph
organism that can create its own food using sunlight or chemical energy
42
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + O2 —> CO2 + H2O+ energy (ATP)
43
Photosynthesis equation
CO2 + H2O + Light energy —> glucose + O2
44
What is the goal of the Calvin Cycle?
to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar
45
___ is being reduced to ___
ADP —> ATP
46
___ is being oxidized to ___
NAD+ —> NADH
47
Anaerobic respiration
is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen.
48
Aerobic respiration
is a chemical process that uses oxygen to generate energy from carbohydrates and lipids
49
Glycolysis
Is the process of turning glucose into pyruvate
50
Formation of acetyl CoA
Pyruvate transport through active transport into mitochondria in the mitochondria pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA
51
Critic acid cycle
Converts acytle CoA into NADH, CO2, FADH, and ATP in 8 different chemical in reactions
52
What is RuBisCo?
An very important enzyme that converts CO2 gas into glucose which produces energy and food for autotrophs.
53
Electron transport chain
series of four protein complexes that couple redox reactions, creating an electrochemical gradient that leads to the creation of ATP
54
What is redox reaction
a chemical reaction where electrons are transferred between molecules. Related to oxidation and reduction
55
Four Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis Process of acytle CoA Cirtrict acid cycle Electron transport train