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Biology Lecture Exam 1 > Biology Lecture exam #2 > Flashcards

Biology Lecture exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are four types of receptors?

A

Ion Channel
G protein
Enzyme
Intracellular

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2
Q

What are four types of signals?

A

Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Direct Contact
Paracrine

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3
Q

Ion Channel

A

protein in a cell membrane that allows ions to pass through it

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4
Q

Hormones

A

Gland produced chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells and trigger response

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released by neutrons to activate other neutrons, muscles, or glands.

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6
Q

Direct contact

A

Other signals are sent from one cell to another cell.

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7
Q

Paracrine

A

Sent by diffusion through intercellular fluid to NEARBY
cells.

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8
Q

G protein

A

Large family of proteins that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane 7 times.

When signaling ligand bind to a receptor, the ligand receptors complex associates w/ g protein. This causes GDP to be replace by GTP and one subunit separate from the other two subunits.

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9
Q

Enzyme receptors

A

A transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side.

When a ligand connects to receptor it because active and activates ATP when then gets replaced by ADP

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10
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Recognize and bind ligands to modify mRNA and protein synthesis

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11
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase

A

Enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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12
Q

How does the amphipathic nature of phospholipids lend itself to membrane formation?

A

The hydrophobic tail connect together while the hydrophilic head attract towards the water, which binds together into Long chains.

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13
Q

Why is cholesterol crucial to membrane integrity?

A

Cholesterol is crucial because it holds the membrane together and helps the membrane from being stiff and ridgid while also gives it its flexibility.

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14
Q

Target cell

A

A cell or tissue with receptors that bind a hormone

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15
Q

Receptors

A

large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with signaling molecules

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16
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Power plant of cell
Convert energy into forms that can be used by cells
Found in animal cells

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

small complexes of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein that synthesize polypeptides

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18
Q

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

A

parts of a cell outside the nucleus

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

involved in lipid metabolism
has a tubular appearance, and its membrane surfaces appear smooth

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20
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes mattached to the cytosolic surface

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21
Q

Golgi complex

A

Distribution center
Cell organelle that processes ER/proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell

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22
Q

lysosomes

A

recycling center of the cell

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23
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Power house for plant cells
An organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

City gates
The surface around animal cells

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25
Nucleus
City hall; Center of the cell Stores DNA molecules in the form of chromosomes.
26
Cell wall
The outer shell of a plant cell. Similar to the plasma membrane in plant cells Allows the cell to survive in harsh environments without rupturing
27
Central Vascle
Large water container that storages water for the plant
28
What is a slow acting cell signal that dispersed through the body via the blood stream?
Hormones
29
Second messengers
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)
30
A membrane receptor that allows sodium to pass through the membrane
Ion channel linked receptor
31
A enzyme that phosphorylate target molecules
Kinases
32
Kinases
Adds phosphate groups from ATP
33
Phosphorylase
Adds free phosphate groups
34
ATP synthase
adds phosphate to ADP produces ATP
35
A receptor that utilizes GTP as part of the signal transduction process
G-Protein
36
Gleevec
Cancer drug that stops cancer cells from multiplying
37
Chromosomes
DNA that has been pushed and squashed together
38
What would occur if a steroid hormone binds to and activates its receptor
nucleosomes unwind
39
Plastids
Found in plant cells double-membrane organelles ex: chloroplast (green food for plant) and amyloplast (starch in potatoes)
40
Hypertonic
Larger amount of solute compared to water (cell shrinks up due to water excerting out)
41
Hypotonic
Larger amount of water compared to solute (cell swells to the point of potential rupture)
42
Isotonis
Equal amount of water and solute (cell stays the same)
43
Facilitated diffusion
diffusion down concertration gradient
44
Active transport
moves ions or molecules against the concertration gradient
45
Symports
a membrane protein that transports two different molecules across a cell membrane in the SAME DIRECTION at the same time
46
Surface to volume ratio
The ratio between the surface area of a cell or organism and its volume. Cells can’t be larger than what they are due to oxygen not being abkt to get through the winter cell fast enough if its too big
47
Prokaryotic
Typically smaller in size Contains no nucleus, only DNA and ribosomes Contains a fallgella Oldest cell
48
eukaryotic
Typicaller large in size Contains nucleus and organelles Found in animals and humans
49
Flagellum
help unicellular and small multicellular organisms move through a watery environment.
50
Cilium
Cells use cilia to move liquids and particles across the cell surface
51
glycocalyx
Known as “cell coat” due to it surrounding the cell. formed by polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids that are part of the plasma membrane.
52
nucleolus
structure found in the cell's nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell's ribosomes
53
Cytoskeleton
The frame work of the cell It provides structural support so the cell can move around and be protected from outside soruces
54
Integral Protein
A protein found in the a membrane (cell/organelle) embedded FULLY THROUGH
55
peripheral protein
A protein found in the a membrane (cell/organelle) embedded in the OUTTER LAYER
56
glycoprotein
protein with shorter, branched carbohydrate chains known as oligosaccharides
57
glycolipid
lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.
58
endocytosis
Helps I gets food particles past the hydrophobic plasama membrane and into the cell
59
What are different types of endocytosis?
Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-mediated endocytosis
60
Pinocytosis
The process of endocytosis but when the material is liquid
61
Phagocytosis
The process of endocytosis but when the material is solid
62
Receptors-mediated endocytosis
A process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormomes, and proteins.
63
Extocytosis
Reverse endocytosis, results in the discharge of materials
64
Antiports
a membrane protein that moves two or more molecules in OPPOSITE DIRECTION across a cell membrane
65
Concentration gradient
slope of sort from a high concentration to a low concentration
66
Crenation
a animal cell shrinks and develops a scalloped and notched appearance due to the water loss
67
Playsmosis
a plant cell shrinks and develops a scalloped and notched appearance due to the water loss
68
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
69
Diffusion
Diffusion of solute
70
Solute
Sugar, salt, etc
71
Solvent
Water

Biology Lecture Exam 1 (9 decks)

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