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Biology Lecture Exam 1 > Biology Lecture exam #2 > Flashcards

Biology Lecture exam #2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are four types of receptors?

A

Ion Channel
G protein
Enzyme
Intracellular

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2
Q

What are four types of signals?

A

Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Direct Contact
Paracrine

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3
Q

Ion Channel

A

protein in a cell membrane that allows ions to pass through it

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4
Q

Hormones

A

Gland produced chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to reach target cells and trigger response

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5
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Released by neutrons to activate other neutrons, muscles, or glands.

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6
Q

Direct contact

A

Other signals are sent from one cell to another cell.

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7
Q

Paracrine

A

Sent by diffusion through intercellular fluid to NEARBY
cells.

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8
Q

G protein

A

Large family of proteins that loop back and forth through the plasma membrane 7 times.

When signaling ligand bind to a receptor, the ligand receptors complex associates w/ g protein. This causes GDP to be replace by GTP and one subunit separate from the other two subunits.

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9
Q

Enzyme receptors

A

A transmembrane receptor, where the binding of an extracellular ligand causes enzymatic activity on the intracellular side.

When a ligand connects to receptor it because active and activates ATP when then gets replaced by ADP

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10
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

Recognize and bind ligands to modify mRNA and protein synthesis

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11
Q

Adenylyl Cyclase

A

Enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP).

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12
Q

How does the amphipathic nature of phospholipids lend itself to membrane formation?

A

The hydrophobic tail connect together while the hydrophilic head attract towards the water, which binds together into Long chains.

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13
Q

Why is cholesterol crucial to membrane integrity?

A

Cholesterol is crucial because it holds the membrane together and helps the membrane from being stiff and ridgid while also gives it its flexibility.

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14
Q

Target cell

A

A cell or tissue with receptors that bind a hormone

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15
Q

Receptors

A

large proteins or glycoproteins that bind with signaling molecules

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16
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Power plant of cell
Convert energy into forms that can be used by cells
Found in animal cells

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17
Q

ribosomes

A

small complexes of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein that synthesize polypeptides

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18
Q

Cytoplasm/Cytosol

A

parts of a cell outside the nucleus

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19
Q

Smooth ER

A

involved in lipid metabolism
has a tubular appearance, and its membrane surfaces appear smooth

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20
Q

Rough ER

A

ribosomes mattached to the cytosolic surface

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21
Q

Golgi complex

A

Distribution center
Cell organelle that processes ER/proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell

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22
Q

lysosomes

A

recycling center of the cell

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23
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Power house for plant cells
An organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis

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24
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

City gates
The surface around animal cells

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

City hall; Center of the cell
Stores DNA molecules in the form of chromosomes.

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26
Q

Cell wall

A

The outer shell of a plant cell. Similar to the plasma membrane in plant cells
Allows the cell to survive in harsh environments without rupturing

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27
Q

Central Vascle

A

Large water container that storages water for the plant

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28
Q

What is a slow acting cell signal that dispersed through the body via the blood stream?

A

Hormones

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29
Q

Second messengers

A

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

30
Q

A membrane receptor that allows sodium to pass through the membrane

A

Ion channel linked receptor

31
Q

A enzyme that phosphorylate target molecules

A

Kinases

32
Q

Kinases

A

Adds phosphate groups from ATP

33
Q

Phosphorylase

A

Adds free phosphate groups

34
Q

ATP synthase

A

adds phosphate to ADP produces ATP

35
Q

A receptor that utilizes GTP as part of the signal transduction process

A

G-Protein

36
Q

Gleevec

A

Cancer drug that stops cancer cells from multiplying

37
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA that has been pushed and squashed together

38
Q

What would occur if a steroid hormone binds to and activates its receptor

A

nucleosomes unwind

39
Q

Plastids

A

Found in plant cells
double-membrane organelles
ex: chloroplast (green food for plant) and amyloplast (starch in potatoes)

40
Q

Hypertonic

A

Larger amount of solute compared to water (cell shrinks up due to water excerting out)

41
Q

Hypotonic

A

Larger amount of water compared to solute (cell swells to the point of potential rupture)

42
Q

Isotonis

A

Equal amount of water and solute (cell stays the same)

43
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion down concertration gradient

44
Q

Active transport

A

moves ions or molecules against the concertration gradient

45
Q

Symports

A

a membrane protein that transports two different molecules across a cell membrane in the SAME DIRECTION at the same time

46
Q

Surface to volume ratio

A

The ratio between the surface area of a cell or organism and its volume.
Cells can’t be larger than what they are due to oxygen not being abkt to get through the winter cell fast enough if its too big

47
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Typically smaller in size
Contains no nucleus, only DNA and ribosomes
Contains a fallgella
Oldest cell

48
Q

eukaryotic

A

Typicaller large in size
Contains nucleus and organelles
Found in animals and humans

49
Q

Flagellum

A

help unicellular and small multicellular organisms move through a watery environment.

50
Q

Cilium

A

Cells use cilia to move liquids and particles across the cell surface

51
Q

glycocalyx

A

Known as “cell coat” due to it surrounding the cell.
formed by polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids that are part of the plasma membrane.

52
Q

nucleolus

A

structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes

53
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The frame work of the cell
It provides structural support so the cell can move around and be protected from outside soruces

54
Q

Integral Protein

A

A protein found in the a membrane
(cell/organelle) embedded FULLY THROUGH

55
Q

peripheral protein

A

A protein found in the a membrane
(cell/organelle) embedded in the OUTTER LAYER

56
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with shorter, branched carbohydrate chains known as oligosaccharides

57
Q

glycolipid

A

lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond.

58
Q

endocytosis

A

Helps I gets food particles past the hydrophobic plasama membrane and into the cell

59
Q

What are different types of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis

60
Q

Pinocytosis

A

The process of endocytosis but when the material is liquid

61
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process of endocytosis but when the material is solid

62
Q

Receptors-mediated endocytosis

A

A process by which cells absorb metabolites, hormomes, and proteins.

63
Q

Extocytosis

A

Reverse endocytosis, results in the discharge of materials

64
Q

Antiports

A

a membrane protein that moves two or more molecules in OPPOSITE DIRECTION across a cell membrane

65
Q

Concentration gradient

A

slope of sort from a high concentration to a low concentration

66
Q

Crenation

A

a animal cell shrinks and develops a scalloped and notched appearance due to the water loss

67
Q

Playsmosis

A

a plant cell shrinks and develops a scalloped and notched appearance due to the water loss

68
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

69
Q

Diffusion

A

Diffusion of solute

70
Q

Solute

A

Sugar, salt, etc

71
Q

Solvent

A

Water

Biology Lecture Exam 1 (6 decks)

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