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Biology Lecture Exam 1 > Bio practical > Flashcards

Bio practical Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Denaturing step

A

double-stranded DNA is heated to separate it into single strands

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2
Q

Annealing step

A

The temperature is lowered to allow the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA

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3
Q

Extending step

A

The temperature is raised again to allow the Taq polymerase enzyme to make a new strand of DNA

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4
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Steps

A
  1. Denaturing
  2. Annealing
  3. Extending
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5
Q

which tissues mitosis primarily occurs in humans?

A

somatic tissues

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6
Q

which tissues mitosis primarily occurs in plants?

A

meristematic tissues

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7
Q

duplicated

A
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8
Q

unduplicated

A
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9
Q

diploid

A
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10
Q

Haploid

A
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11
Q

calculate the length of time that mitosis occurs within a cell cycle

A

= # of cells in a certain phase / # of cells counted all together

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12
Q

which organs or tissues meiosis occurs in animals and plants to produce gametes?

A

the gonads (specifically the testes in males and ovaries in females)

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13
Q

Meiosis I

A

separate homologous chromosomes, effectively reducing the chromosome number by half

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14
Q

Meiosis II

A

separate sister chromatids

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15
Q

Taq DNA Polymerase

A

heat-resistant DNA polymerase enzyme that’s used to amplify DNA sequences

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16
Q

DNA primers

A

short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are used to initiate DNA synthesis

17
Q

deoxynucleotides

A

building blocks to create new DNA strands

18
Q

thermal cycler

A

used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

19
Q

How is qPCR different from standard PCR where PCR products are visualized on a gel?

A

standard PCR only provides qualitative information by visualizing the amplified DNA bands on an agarose gel at the end of the reaction cycle, offering only semi-quantitative data at best

20
Q

What is the Ct (cycle threshold) value?

A

Indicates which PCR cycle the sample begins exponential DNA amplification above a background threshold level

21
Q

What is the purpose for performing RT-qPCR (Reverse Transcriptase-qPCR)?

A

to detect and quantify RNA

22
Q

Interpret what the R2 value and P-value of the standard curve means

A

R2 - indicating how well the linear relationship between concentration and signal fits the data
P-value - value tells you how statistically significant that relationship is

23
Q

What is agarose and why is it used in gel electrophoresis?

A

an essential element that allows for the separation of the DNA fragments during electrophoresis

24
Q

What is agarose?

A

naturally derived polysaccharide extracted from seaweed, primarily used in gel electrophoresis

25
Q

how DNA fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis

A

based on their size due to their negative charge

26
Q

What are the advantages or disadvantages of Methylene Blue for staining DNA in a gel?

A

offers the advantage of being non-toxic and visible without UV light, but has significantly lower sensitivity

27
Q

What are the advantages or disadvantages of Ethidium Bromide for staining DNA in a gel?

A

which is highly sensitive but considered a mutagen, but is high in toxicity

28
Q

What are the advantages or disadvantages of SYBR Green for staining DNA in a gel?

A

provides high sensitivity similar to Ethidium Bromide while being less toxic, but typically requires a specialized blue light source for visualization and can be more expensive

29
Q

How is micropipetting different between loading a sample into gel as compared to micropipetting a sample into a dry tube?

A

Never use second stop with the gel

30
Q

How is BLAST used to compare and identify sequences?

A

compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches

31
Q

What does a MAX SCORE tell you?

A

the best possible match found within the aligned region

32
Q

What does an E-value tell you?

A

the number of times you would expect to find a match with a similar score or better by chance

33
Q

What does % IDENTITY tell you?

A

the percentage of nucleotides or amino acids that are exactly the same between your query sequence and the sequence it’s being compared to in the database

34
Q

What is the ACCESSION NUMBER?

A

a unique identifier for a sequence record in a database

35
Q

MUSCLE. What is it used for?

A
36
Q

PHYLIP. What is it used for?

A
37
Q

Why is PHYLIP-ML preferred over using PHYLIP-NJ?

A
38
Q

What does this phylogenetic tree (using the LDH gene) tell you about the relationship between these animals?

A

Biology Lecture Exam 1 (6 decks)

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