Bio practical Flashcards

1
Q

Denaturing step

A

double-stranded DNA is heated to separate it into single strands

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2
Q

Annealing step

A

The temperature is lowered to allow the DNA primers to attach to the template DNA

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3
Q

Extending step

A

The temperature is raised again to allow the Taq polymerase enzyme to make a new strand of DNA

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4
Q

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Steps

A
  1. Denaturing
  2. Annealing
  3. Extending
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5
Q

which tissues mitosis primarily occurs in humans?

A

somatic tissues

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6
Q

which tissues mitosis primarily occurs in plants?

A

meristematic tissues

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7
Q

duplicated

A

a chromosome that has an extra copy of a DNA segment

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8
Q

unduplicated

A

a single, individual chromosome that has not yet undergone DNA replication

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9
Q

diploid

A

two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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10
Q

Haploid

A

having a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

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11
Q

calculate the length of time that mitosis occurs within a cell cycle

A

= # of cells in a certain phase / # of cells counted all together

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12
Q

which organs or tissues meiosis occurs in animals and plants to produce gametes?

A

the gonads (specifically the testes in males and ovaries in females)

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13
Q

Meiosis I

A

effectively reducing the chromosome number by half

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14
Q

Meiosis II

A

separate sister chromatids

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15
Q

Taq DNA Polymerase

A

heat-resistant DNA polymerase enzyme that’s used to amplify DNA sequences

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16
Q

DNA primers

A

short, single-stranded nucleic acid sequences that are used to initiate DNA synthesis

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17
Q

deoxynucleotides

A

building blocks to create new DNA strands
and are made up of three parts:
A deoxyribose sugar, A nitrogenous base, A phosphoryl group

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18
Q

thermal cycler

A

heats and cools a DNA sample in order to perform the PCR

19
Q

How is qPCR different from standard PCR where PCR products are visualized on a gel?

A

Amplification process is the same as PCR except that the reaction includes a fluorescent dye that bind to double-stranded DNA

20
Q

What is the Ct (cycle threshold) value?

A

refers to the number of cycles needed to replicate enough DNA/RNA to be detected (crosses a threshold line)

21
Q

What is the purpose for performing RT-qPCR
(Reverse Transcriptase-qPCR)?

A

to detect and quantify RNA, and turn it into cDNA

22
Q

Interpret what the R2 value and P-value of the standard curve means

A

R2 - indicating how well the linear relationship between concentration and signal fits the data
P-value - tells you how statistically significant that relationship is

23
Q

Why is agarose used in gel electrophoresis?

A

allows for the separation of the DNA fragments during electrophoresis

24
Q

What is agarose?

A

natural seaweed polysaccharide

25
how DNA fragments are separated by agarose gel electrophoresis
based on their size due to their negative charge
26
What are the advantages or disadvantages of Methylene Blue for staining DNA in a gel?
Can be seen in normal light but has low sensitivity
27
What are the advantages or disadvantages of Ethidium Bromide for staining DNA in a gel?
which is highly sensitive but considered a mutagen, but is high in toxicity
28
What are the advantages or disadvantages of SYBR Green for staining DNA in a gel?
provides high sensitivity similar to Ethidium Bromide while being less toxic, but typically requires a specialized blue light source for visualization and can be more expensive
29
How is micropipetting different between loading a sample into gel as compared to micropipetting a sample into a dry tube?
Never use second stop with the gel
30
How is BLAST used to compare and identify sequences?
compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches
31
What does a MAX SCORE tell you?
the best possible match found within the aligned region
32
What does an E-value tell you?
the number of times you would expect to find a match with a similar score or better by chance
33
What does % IDENTITY tell you?
the percentage of nucleotides or amino acids that are exactly the same between your query sequence and the sequence it's being compared to in the database
34
What is the ACCESSION NUMBER?
a unique identifier for a sequence record in a database
35
MUSCLE. What is it used for?
Aligines sequences
36
PHYLIP. What is it used for?
Creates cladogram graph
37
What does this phylogenetic tree (using the LDH gene) tell you about the relationship between these animals?
the closest evolutionary relationship is between the mouse and rat, followed by a grouping of the human, chimpanzee, and gorilla
38
describe how PCR amplifies specific regions of a template DNA
Using primers that bind to DNA that then allow DNA polymerase to create more copies of DNA strand (denaturing, annealing, and extending )
39
taxonomy
the science of classifying, describing, and naming organisms
40
systematics
looks at the evolutionary relationships between organisms
41
Clade
group evolved from a common ancestor.
42
phylogenetic tree
illustrates ancestral relationships among organisms
43
Bioinformatics
Using computers to analyze, store, and interpret biological data
44
What kind of information can you obtain from BLAST?
finds regions of local similarity between sequences