Biology Lab Practical Flashcards
Abbrev for Mass
Grams (g)
Abbrev for Length/Distance
Meter (m)
Abbrev for Liquid volume
Liter (L)
Kilo (k)
1000 (or 1 x 10^3)
Mili (m)
0.001 (or 1 x 10^-3)
Micro
0.000001 (or 1 x 10^-6)
Nano (n)
0.000000001 (or 1 x 10^-9)
Metric conversion for Mass
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
1 g = 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 mg = 1000 micrograms (μg)
Metric conversion for Distance
1 meter (m) = 100 cm
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters
(mm)
1 mm = 1000 micrometers (μm)
1 μm = 1000 nanometers (nm)
Metric conversion for Volume
1liter(L)= 100 centiliters(cL)
1liter(L)= 10 deciliters(dL)
1 liter (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL)
1 mL = 1000 microliters (μL)
Converting a LARGER unit to a SMALLER unit you….
MULTIPLY the larger unit by the conversion factor.
Converting a SMALLER unit to a LARGER unit you…
DIVIDE the smaller unit by the conversion factor.
Dependent Variable
The effect, or response variable
Typically the effect of the Independent variable
Independent Variable
The cause or manipulated variable
Typically the what is being tested
Equation to calculate Accuracy
% error
Equation to calculate Precision
% SD (standard deviation)
Standard Deviation (SD)
is a measure of how much variation occurs in a set of measurements (at least three) when compared to the Mean.
The T-Test that = P VALUE
When dealing with a hypothesis
the t-test is a P VALUE, which can be thought of as the probability that there is NO difference between the means.
P > 0.05, the null hypothesis is accepted
P ≤ 0.05, the null hypotheses is rejected and the alternative is accepted
Spectroscopy
study of the absorption and emission of light and other radiation by matter
Passive transport
When molecules move through the membrane and into the cell without using energy ( with transport proteins /without).
- Moves WITH the concentration gradient. (High to Low)
Active transport
When a molecule requires energy to preform exocytosis, which moves the molecules against the concentration gradient (Low to High)
How many chromosomes are in a human body?
23 pairs
Total magnification
= ocular mag. X objective mag.
Microscope parts: Objective lens
The rotating dial that has different lens sizes for magnification of the image
Microscope parts: Stage
The platform that you place a side. Stage is movable with two knobs located right under it
Microscope parts: Light source
Contains a bulb to generate light to pass through the object on the side
Microscope parts: Iris diagram
Part of the condenser unit directly below the stage and acts like a camera iris, helps focus’s light on two the object on the side
Microscope parts: Condenser
Provides the best balance of resolution and contras
Focusses the light on the specimen by allowing it to move up and down
Microscope parts: Coarse focus
Helps bring the objective to focus in large steps. Is only used on 4x and 10x objectives!
Microscope parts: Fine Focus
Alters the focus in small increments
Microscope parts: Slide Clamp
The clamp that holds the slide in place
Resolving distance RD
The minimum distance two objects must be apart to be seen as separate
Resolution
Is the ability to distinguish two nearby objects as separate
Dialysis membrane
Composed of synthetic polymers that interlock
Chloride ion stain
sliver nitrate
Positive — white precipitate
Negative — clear solution
Starch stain
Iodine
Positive — purple/black color
Negative — orange/yellow color
Protein (albumin) stain
Biuret reagent
Positive — lavender/ violet
Negative — light blue
Osmosis
The movement of free, unbound water molecules across a membrane.
Alternative hypothesis
Is always phrased in case the null hypothesis is not supported by the t-test. If not supported, you may conclude that there is a SIGNIFICANCE between the two means.
Null hypothesis
which states that the means of the two groups are the same (i.e. NO difference)
Cell wall
The wall surrounding the plasma membrane
Acceptable Precision
< or = to 5% SD from the mean
R^2
Has to do with the CORRELATION of p-value
Range from 0 (0%) to 1 (100%); the higher the R2, the more precisely you can predict the value of the dependent variable based on the value of the independent variable, or the better the correlation between the two variables.
G1
1st gap phase - cell enlargement
S
Synthesis phase; DNA replication
During this stage the chromosomes duplicate
G2
2nd gap phase; cells prepare to divide
M phase
Mitosis and cytokinesis
Cells divide
G0
Becomes its own cell/separate from cycle
Meiosis
Producing haploid gametes
Mitosis
Produces identical daughter cells
Prophase
Chromosomes gather together
Interphase
Stages G1, S, G2
Metaphase
All chromosomes gather in the middle of the cell in a line
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled to either side and separate
Telephase
Cells begins to divide
Haploid
Having 1 copy of each chromosomes
Diploid
Having 2 copies of each chromosomes
P value for best fit line
Is the correlation between the IV and the DV is real or by chance
P> 5% or 0.05 = correlation is due to chance
P< or = 5% or 0.05 = real correlation
