Biology JAN EXAM

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

-the organisation of living things into groups according to similarities

Question 2

What are the 4 traits living things can be classified to?

Answer 2

-physical traits
-behaviour
-diet
dna

Question 3

What is the largest classification

Answer 3

kingdom

Question 4

What are the 5 other classification groups

Answer 4

-Animals
-Plants
-Fungi
-Prokaryotes
-Protoctitsts

Question 5

What are the characteristics of the classification group animals

Answer 5

-cell don’t have a cell wall
-multicellular and feed on other organisms
-heterotopic feeders

Question 6

What does the term heterotopic feeders mean?

Answer 6

-they have no chlorophyll so don’t carry out photosynthesis

Question 7

What are some examples of the classification group animals?

Answer 7

-all multicellular organisms:
-jelly fish, worms, fish, reptiles, birds, mammals

Question 8

What are some characteristics of the classification group plants?

Answer 8

-cell have a cell wall
-autotrophic

Question 9

What does the term autotrophic mean?

Answer 9

have chlorophyll so carry out photosynthesis

Question 10

What are some examples of the classification group plants?

Answer 10

-algae, ferns, mosses, conifers, flowering plants

Question 11

What are some characteristics of the classification group Fungi?

Answer 11

-cells have chitin cell walls
-reproduce using spores rather than seeds
-feed saprophytically

Question 12

what does the term feed saprophytically mean

Answer 12

feed on dead or decaying organic matter

Question 13

What are some examples of the classification group fungi?

Answer 13

-moulds, mushrooms, yeast

Question 14

What are some characteristics of the classification group prokaryotes?

Answer 14

-have a cell wall but not made from cellulose
-cells have no nucleus

Question 15

What are some examples of the classification group prokaryotes?

Answer 15

-bacteria, blue-green algae

Question 16

What are some characteristics of the classification group Protoctists?

Answer 16

-exist as single cells or colonies of single cells
-have a nucleus

Question 17

What are some examples of the classification group prototists?

Answer 17

-amoeba, paramecium

Question 18

what is selective breeding

Answer 18

-breed individuals of the same species together to get some desirable characteristics

Question 19

what are the characteristics of selective breeding

Answer 19

-slow process
-not a sure thing
-involves lots of genes
-mixes genes at random

Question 20

what are the characteristics of genetic engineering?

Answer 20

-quicker
-involves 1-2 genes only
-going to get results
-ethics, laws, morals?
-reducing variation (clones)
-expensive

Question 21

define the term transgenic organism

Answer 21

-when a new type of organism is made containing genes from a different species

Question 22

What do people call organisms that are produced by genetic engineering

Answer 22

GMO

Question 23

What is genetic engineerigng

Answer 23

the process of manipulating an organisms gene to alter its characteristics

Question 24

define restriction enzyme

Answer 24

an enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites

Question 25

define ligase

Answer 25

an enzyme that joins cut DNA segments

Question 26

define sticky ends

Answer 26

ends of DNA that are complementary and can be joined by ligase

Question 27

define gene/allele

Answer 27

a unit of genetic information that codes for a specific trait

Question 28

define plasmid

Answer 28

a small, circular piece of DNA found in bacteria that can carry foreign genes

Question 29

define recombinant DNA

Answer 29

DNA made from combining DNA from different sources

Question 30

define complimentary base pairs

Answer 30

Bases that form a specific complementary pair in the DNA double helix

Question 31

which explant do you use in the tissue culture process

Answer 31

meristem tissue

Question 32

to sterilize the explant what do you do in the tissue culture process

Answer 32

dip in bleach

Question 33

during the tissue culture process you place the explant in agar medium with which hormone

Answer 33

gibberellins auxins

Question 34

what environment does the explant need in incubation during tissue culture

Answer 34

warm temperature, light, and sterile conditions

Question 35

at the end of tissue culture what do you do with the explant

Answer 35

transfer to soil

Question 36

what does propagate mean

Answer 36

allow/promote something to grow or develop

Question 37

what is a meristem

Answer 37

-regions of unspecialised cells in plants that are capable of cell division.

Question 38

what is tissue culture used for

Answer 38

-grow cells, tissues or organs in a lab

Question 39

what industries does tissue culture play a role in

Answer 39

-agriculture -horticulture -medicine

Question 40

what are some benefits of tissue culture

Answer 40

-mass production -disease elimination -genetic modification

Question 41

what challenges do farmers face and how does tissue culture benefit farmers

Answer 41

challenges -pests, diseases, environmental stressors Benefits -allows farmers to produce a large number of identical plants (clones)

Question 42

what is biological control

Answer 42

-using predator organisms to kill problem organisms such as weeds or pests

Question 43

what are the 4 advantages of biological control

Answer 43

-specific to a particular pest -self-sustaining system -cheap after start up -it works most of the time

Question 44

what are the 4 disadvantages of biological control

Answer 44

-can sometimes fail in its specificity -its a slow process -Expensive to start-up -doesn't completly destroy a pest

Question 45

What are the three domains that all organisms should be divided into?

Answer 45

-Archaea -Bacteria -Eukarya

Question 46

What are the characteristics of Archaea

Answer 46

cells with no nucleus, genes contain unused selections of DNA

Question 47

what are the characteristics of bacteria

Answer 47

cells with no nucleus, no unused sections in genes

Question 48

What are the characteristics of eukarya

Answer 48

cells with a nucleus, unused sections in genes

Question 49

What are humans and their ancestors known as?

Answer 49

hominide and many of these fossils have been found

Question 50

how old is Ardi

Answer 50

4.4 million years old

Question 51

what are the features of Ardi

Answer 51

-structure of feet suggest she climbed trees, an ape-like toe to grasp branches -she had long arms and short legs -brain size was about the same as a chimpanzees -structure of legs suggest she walked upright -hand bone structure suggests she didn't use her hands to help her walk

Question 52

What is the name of Ardi's species

Answer 52

Ardipithecus remidus

Question 53

where was Ardi found

Answer 53

Ethiopia,

Question 54

how old is Lucy

Answer 54

3.2 million years old

Question 55

What is the name of Lucy's species

Answer 55

Australopithecus afarensis

Question 56

where was lucy found

Answer 56

ethiopia

Question 57

what are the features of Lucy

Answer 57

-arched feet, more adapted to walking than climbing -size of arms and legs was between apes and humans -brain was slightly larger then Ardi's but still similar to a chimp -structure of leg and feet bones suggest she walked upright, more efficiently than ardi

Question 58

what year did Leakey and his team go on the expedition to find hominid fossils

Answer 58

1960s

Question 59

where did Leakey and his team go on the expedition to find hominid fossils

Answer 59

Kenya

Question 60

what was the main fossil Leakey find

Answer 60

Turkana Boy

Question 61

how old was Turkana Boy

Answer 61

1.6 million years old

Question 62

what species was Turkana Boy

Answer 62

Homo erectus

Question 63

What are some features of Turkana Boy

Answer 63

-mixture of human and ape-like features, but more human than Lucy -short arms and long legs are much more like a human -brain size was much larger that Lucys -structure of legs and feet suggest he was even better adapted to walking upright than lucy

Question 64

How can you tell that evolution has taken place by using stone tools

Answer 64

-different Homo species used stone tools and these gradually became more complex -so their brains must have been getting larger

Question 65

How many years ago was homo habilis

Answer 65

2.5-1.5 million years ago

Question 66

what tool use did homo habilis use

Answer 66

-made simple tools called pebble tools -made by hitting rocks together to make sharp flakes -this would be used to scrape meat from bones or crack bones open

Question 67

How old was homo erectus

Answer 67

2-0.3 million years old

Question 68

what tool use did homo erectus use

Answer 68

-sculpted rocks into shapes to produce more complex tools like hand axes -these could be used to hunt, dig, chop and scrape meat from bones

Question 69

how old was homo neanderthalensis

Answer 69

300,000-25,000 years ago

Question 70

what tool use did homo neanderthalensis use

Answer 70

-more complex tools -evidence of flint tools, pointed tools and wooden spears

Question 71

how old was homo sapiens

Answer 71

-200,000 years ago to present

Question 72

what tool use did homo sapiens use

Answer 72

-flint tools widely used -pointed tools including arrowheads, fish hooks and needles appeared around 50,000 years ago

Question 73

what ways can scientists work out how old the stone tool is?

Answer 73

-structural features (simple ones are older) -using stratigraphy (older rock layers are normally found below younger ones) -found with carbon-containing material like a wooden handle. so they can use carbon-14 dating

Question 74

what does stratigraphy mean?

Answer 74

the study of rock layers

Question 75

what is the pentadactyl limb

Answer 75

-limb with 5 digits

Question 76

what species have a pentadactyl limb

Answer 76

-mammals -reptiles -amphibians

Question 77

how old would the stone tool be if it was discovered in 7 layers

Answer 77

1 million years old