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SCIENCE GCSE > Biology CT3 > Flashcards

Biology CT3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Cells that can divide repeatedly over a long period of time to produce cells that then differentiate

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2
Q

what are meristems

A

these are stem cells that are found in plants

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3
Q

what are embryonic stem cells

A

the cells of an early-stage embryo that can produce any type of specialised cell

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4
Q

what are adult stem cells

A

cells that are in a fully developed young animal that is in the tissue surrounding the specialised cells

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5
Q

what ways can stem cells treat many different diseases caused by damaged cells

A

-Bone marrow transplant
-to treat type 1 diabeties

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6
Q

what are the problems with using stem cells

A

-if they continue to divide inside the body after they have replaced damaged cells it can cause cancer
-cells from one person are often killed by the immune system of other people that they are put into. This is rejection

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7
Q

where are meristems found?

A

found in the areas of a plant that are growing. e.g. the tips of the roots and shoots

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8
Q

what do meristems produce

A

unspecialised cells that are able to divide and form any cell type in the plant

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9
Q

what diseases can adult stem cells cure

A

-sickle cell anaemia

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10
Q

what is a neurone

A

a nerve cell

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11
Q

what structures do all neurones have

A

a cell body with a nucleus

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12
Q

what makes up the CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord

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13
Q

What is the structure of a sensory neurone

A

-one long dendron
-one short axon
-sometimes a myelin sheath
-nucleus
-cell body

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the dendron in the sensory neurone

A

to carry nerve impulses from receptor cells to the cell body which is located in the middle of the neurone

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15
Q

what is the purpose of the axon in the sensory neurone

A

to carry nerve impulses from the body to the CNS

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16
Q

what is the structure of the motor neurone

A

-many short dendrites
-one long axon
-myelin sheath
-synaptic end bulbs
-neuromuscular fibre
-nucleus
-cytoplasm

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17
Q

What is the purpose of the dendrites in the motor neurone

A

to carry nerve impulses from the CNS to the cell body

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18
Q

what is the purpose of the axon in the motor neurone

A

to carry nerve impulses from the cell body to effector cells

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19
Q

what is the structure of relay neurones

A

-many short dendrites
-an axon
-nucleus
-cytoplasm

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20
Q

what is the purpose of the dendrites in the relay neurone

A

to carry nerve impulses from sensory neurones to the cell body

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the axon in the relay neurone

A

to carry nerve impulses from the cell body to motor neurones

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22
Q

which neurone is longer, sensory or motor

A

sensory

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23
Q

what is impulses

A

electrical signal/message

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24
Q

what is the purpose of the myelin sheath

A

to act as an electrical insulator, speeding up the electrical impulse

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25
What happens to the speed of the impulse if the neurone is very long
it will speed up the impulse
26
what is a synapse
the connection between two neurones
27
what is the route that impulses take
-sensory receptors collect information from inside and outside the body (ORGAN) -Travel along a sensory neurone (STIMULOUS) -Relay neurone pass along the impulses -the motor neurone receives impulses and passes to the effectors -effectors- muscles receive messages from motor neurones and move the body
28
what happens at the synapses
-the nerve signal is transferred by chemicals, which diffuse across the gap -the chemical then sets off a new electrical signal in the next neurone -the transmission of a nervous impulse is very fast, but it is slowed down a bit at the synapse
29
what chemical is transferred at the synapse
neurotransmitters
30
why is the impulse slowed down a bit at the synapse
the diffusion of neurotransmitters across the gap takes time
31
what are reflexes
automatic, rapid responses to stimuli
32
what is the reflex arc
the passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector)
33
what parts of the body do neurones in reflex arcs go through
the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain
34
What happens when a stimulus is detected by receptors in the reflex arc?
impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to a relay neurone in the CNS
35
What happens when the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and the relay neurone in the reflex arc?
they trigger neurotransmitters to be released. these cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone
36
What happens when the impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone and the motor neurone in the reflex arc?
Neurotransmitters are released and cause impulses to be sent along the motor neurone
37
Where do the impulses travel to along the motor neurone in the reflex arc?
to the effector (muscle or gland)
38
What happens when the impulses reach the effector in the reflex arc?
the effector contracts and moves
39
What happens when light receptors in the eye detect very bright light in the reflex to protect the eye
a message is sent along a sensory neurone to the brain
40
Where does the message along a sensory neurone go to in the reflex to protect the eye
to a relay neurone and then to a motor neurone
41
What does the motor neurone tell the eye to do in the reflex to protect the eye?
tells circular muscles in the iris to contract, making the pupil smaller
42
define physical well-being
includes being free from disease, eating and sleeping well, getting regular activity and limiting intake of harmful substances
43
define social well-being
how well you get on with other people, and also how your surroundings affect you.
44
define mental well-being
how you feel about yourself
45
what does the immune system do
it protects the body from communicable diseases
46
define health
state of physical, social and mental well-being
47
define disease
a problem with a structure or process that is not a result of an injury
48
define communicable disease
they can pass from an infected person to another
49
define non-communicable disease
they are not passed form person to person
50
what causes a communicable disease
pathogens
51
what causes a non-communicable disease
a problem in the body, such as a fault in the genes, or as a result of the way we live our lives
52
define cardiovascular disease
those that affect the heart and blood vessels
53
What are some examples of non-communicable diseases
cancer and heart disease
54
what are some examples of communicable diseases
-cholera -tuberculosis -malaria -ebola
55
how does cholera spread
via contaminated water sources
56
how to reduce/prevent the transmission of cholera
making sure that people have access to clean water supplies
57
what are the symptoms of cholera
diarrhoea
58
Which pathogen causes cholera
a bacterium called vibrio cholerae
59
Which pathogen causes malaria
a protist
60
what are the symptoms of malaria
damage to red blood cells and in server cases, to the liver
61
how does malaria spread
mosquitoes act as animal carriers. they pass on the protist to humans but don't get the disease themselves
62
how to reduce/prevent the transmission of malaria
use of mosquito nets and insect repellent to prevent mosquitoes carrying the pathogen from biting people
63
which pathogen causes ebola
ebola virus
64
what are the symptoms of ebola
haemorrhagic fever (a fever with bleeding)
65
how does ebola spread
via bodily fluids
66
how to reduce/prevent the transmission of ebola
by isolating infected individuals and sterilising any areas where the virus may be present
67
which pathogen causes chalara ash dieback
a fungus that infects ash trees
68
what are the symptoms of chalara ash dieback
leaf loss and bark lesions (wounds)
69
how does chalara ash dieback spread
carried through the air by the wind. also when diseased ash trees are moved between areas
70
What are the main cardiovascular diseases
-heart attacks -strokes -atherosclerosis -angina
71
define heart attack
blood flow to the heart muscle is suddenly blocked
72
define stroke
blood supply to brain is cut off. no oxygen so no respiration
73
define atherodclerosis
build up of fatty deposits(plac) inside the arteries
74
define angina
restricted blood flow to the heart muscle
75
what to do if someone is having a heat attack
-sit the person down and bring their knees up to their chest -give them aspirin(blood thinner)
76
what are the symptoms of a stroke
-face is droopy -can't raise their arms -slurry words
77
what causes atherosclerosis
-lack of exercise -smoking -diet
78
define deficiency
not getting enough of a nutrient form food
79
what are some examples of a deficiency diesease
anaemia, scurry
80
what is a pathogen
microorganisms that causes infectious diseases
81
what are the 4 types of pathogens
-bacteria -viruses -protoctists (protists) -fungi
82
what are bacteria pathogens
-very small prokaryotic organisms -microscopic -once in the body they release toxins that makes us feel ill
83
what are virus pathogens
-infectious agents that can only replicate inside a live cell -they reproduce hundreds of thousands of times and eventually causes the host cell to explode -the virus passes out through the airways and bloodstream
84
what are the fungi pathogens
-a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms -can be unicellular or multicellular -some pass through direct contact or though contact with common surfaces
85
what are the protist pathogens
-a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms -single celled -some can contaminate food -some are parasitic -they live in or on other organisms and cause harm
86
what are the tests for obesity
BMI and hip:waist ratio
87
what is a stent
a hollow tube made from metal alloy that is inserted in a coronary artery
88
why is a stent needed
to prevent a stroke or heart attack from a build up of plaque in an artery

SCIENCE GCSE (11 decks)

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