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Grade 9 SCIENCE > Biology Grade 10 -- WALKER > Flashcards

Biology Grade 10 -- WALKER Flashcards

just pass the fucking test please

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is cell theory

A
  • all living organisms are made of one or more cells
  • the cell is the simplest unit of life
  • all cells come from other cells; they don’t come from non-living matter
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2
Q

Cells can be very simple or complex.

What is simple?
What’s complex?

A
  • Prokaryotes = single-celled with no nucleus
  • Eukaryotes = single or multicellular with complex internal structure
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3
Q

Cytoplasm

A

fluid substance in cell

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4
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • gives support to the cell
  • control the movement of materials in and out of the cell (semi-permeable)
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5
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • “power plants” of the cell
  • produces energy for cell functions
  • active cells have many mitochondria while inactive cells have fewer
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6
Q

Nucleus

A
  • control center of the cell – directs ALL cell activities
  • CHROMOSOMES contains DNA = genetic info. of organism
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7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • network of branching tubes connecting the nucleus to the cell membrane
  • passageway for materials moving to and from different parts of the cell
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8
Q

Golgi bodies

A
  • collects and processes materials to be removed from the cell
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9
Q

plant cells only have two cells that animals don’t

what are they

A

cell wall

chloroplast

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10
Q

vacuoles

A
  • role varies depending on type of cell
  • can be used for shortage area for food, removing waste, maintaining fluid pressure, etc.
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11
Q

cell wall

A

protects + supports plant cell

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12
Q

chloroplast

A

contains green pigment chlorophyll, used in PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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13
Q

why do cells divide
(hint: GRR)

A

for organisms to reproduce, grow, and repair damage

GRR

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14
Q

what’s asexual reproduction

A

single cell organisms divde and only one parent is involved

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15
Q

what’s sexual reproduction

A

multicellular organisms divide and two parents are involved

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16
Q

in sexual reproduction, how are parent cells different from normal body cells

A

sex cells only have half of your DNA usually found in a cell = gametes

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17
Q

what’s gametes

A

sperms and eggs

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18
Q

gametes undergo what other cell division process

A

meiosis

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19
Q

what do plant + animal cells need to live

A

energy, nutrients, water and gases

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20
Q

why is water important

A

chemicals that enter the cells need to be dissolved in water to be used in chemical reactions within the cell

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21
Q

how do chemicals enter and move around cell

A

move through the membrane + travel to where they are needed through diffusion

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22
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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23
Q

define concentration

A

amount of substance (solute) in a given volume of solution (solvent)

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24
Q

what process does water use to move in and out of a cell

A

osmosis

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25
Q

what’s osmosis

A

movement of WATER molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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26
Q

how many stages are there in cell cycle and what are they

A

three

interphase = cells grow and prepare for division

mitosis = division of dna

cytokinesis = division of cytoplasm

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27
Q

what phase of cell cycles do cells spend most their time in

A

interphase

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28
Q

what phase of cell cycle does cell carries out all life activities (NOT CELL DIVISION)

A

interphase

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29
Q

what phase of cell cycle is DNA in very long strands (chromatin)

A

interphase

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30
Q

what phase of cell cycle forms more organelles

A

interphase

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31
Q

when its time to reproduce chromatin, ________ and ____ forms

A

thickens

chromosomes

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32
Q

cell division has two stages called

A

mitosis (PMAT)
cytokinesis

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33
Q

mitosis produces 2 genetically identical cells called

A

daughter cells

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34
Q

four phases of PMAT

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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35
Q

prophase

A
  • chromosomes form
  • one chromosome = 2 sister chromatids attached at centrometer
  • nuclear membrane begins to dissolve

centrioles move to poles

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36
Q

metaphase

A

spindle fibers made by centrioles

chromosomes line up in MIDDLE of cell

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37
Q

anaphase

A
  • centrometer splits + sister chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibres
  • sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of cells
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38
Q

telophase

A
  • two nuclei
  • nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes
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39
Q

cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm divides to produce two new daughter cells
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40
Q

in cytokinesis, the animal cells’s cell membrane pinches inward between two cells

what’s it called

A

cleavage furrow

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41
Q

in cytokinesis, plant cells form ______ ______ between two cells

A

cell plate

develops into the new cell wall

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42
Q

cells should stay In interphase if

A

signals from other cells tells the cell not to divide

not enough nutrients to provide cell growth

DNA not replicated

DNA damaged

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43
Q

t or f

damaged DNA can be repaired naturally

A

true

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44
Q

define cancer

A

group of diseases where cells grow + divide out of control

** cells prevented from staying in interphase

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45
Q

causes of cancer

A

hereditary (run in family

environmental factors

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46
Q

how is cancer hereditary

A

sometimes DNA is not copied during mitosis (PMAT)

random changes = mutations = death of cell + grow + divide

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47
Q

how is cancer environementally caused

A

carcinogens

  • smoke
  • radiations
  • viruses (HPV)
  • chemicals in plastic
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48
Q

benign tumor definition

A

no serious effects

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49
Q

malignant tumor

A

cancer causing tumor = interferes w/ function

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50
Q

metastasis definition

A

cells from malignant tumor break away + move to different parts of body

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51
Q

cancer screening important for

A

family history

people exposed to carcinogens b/c lifestyle or work

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52
Q

treatments for cancer

A

surgery

chemotherapy

radiation

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53
Q

Multicellular organisms

A

different specialized cell types

can only survive in groups NOT on own

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54
Q

Hierarchy

A

organizational structure from complex to simple

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55
Q

organ systems make up ….

A

one entire organism

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56
Q

organisms do the same function

A

oxygen + nutrients

eliminate waste

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57
Q

most organs work with ___ organ system

A

one

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58
Q

some organs function in more than one (t or f)

A

true

example pancreas = digestive + endocrine

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59
Q

animals have ___ major tissue types

A

epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nerve tissue

60
Q

epithelial tissue

A

skin + lining of digestive system

thin sheets of tight packed cells covering surfaces + internal organ linings

protection from dehydration

lower friction surface

61
Q

connective tissue

A

bone, tendons, blood

various types of cells + fibres held by matnx (liquid, solid, gel)

support
insulation

62
Q

muscle tissue

A

muscle makes bones move

bundles of muscle fibres containing specialized proteins that shorten + contract

movement

63
Q

nerve tissue

A

brain
nerves in sensory

long, thin cells with fine branches at ends that conduct electrical impulses

sensory
comms w/ body
coordinates body functions

64
Q

cellular differentiation

A

process that produces specialized cells

65
Q

cellu. differentiation directed by __________ ___________ in cells DNA

A

genetic info.

66
Q

stem cell

A

divides into 2 DAUGHTER CELLS through mitosis + cytokinesis

67
Q

2 types of stem cells

A

embroyic

tissue

68
Q

embroyic stem cell

A

differentiate to any kind of cell

69
Q

tissue

A

exist within specialized tissue + can only differentiate to certain types of cells

70
Q

blood in umbilical cord after birth = less stem cells (T OR F)

A

false

there’s a ton

71
Q

leukemia

A

cancer in bone marrows + stem cells differentiate faster + fail to function properly

72
Q

treatement for leukemia

A

chemo = kills diseased WBC’s + bone marrow

donated blood cells injected in blood and grow bone

73
Q

regeneration

A

ability for tissue to repair itself

74
Q

tissue engineering

A

researching ways to regenerate human body tissues that don’t usually generate

75
Q

digestive system

A

takes food, digests, + excretes remaining waste

76
Q

digestive system is made up of

A

digestive tract + sensory organs

77
Q

digestive tract

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
anus

78
Q

accessory organs

A

liver
pancreas
gall bladder

79
Q

entire length of digestive tract =

A

epithelial tissue + goblet cells that secrete mucus

80
Q

mucus

A

protects digestive tube from digestive enzymes + allows material to pass smoothly

81
Q

mouth breaks food in two ways

A

mechanically/chemically

m (teeth + tongue)
c ( enzymes break food molecules)

saliva = water + enzymes

82
Q

esophagus

A

connects mouth to stomach + has smooth muscle tissue = contract and relax w/o conscious thought

83
Q

peristalsis

A

contracting rhythmically to move food down in stomach

84
Q

circulatory system contains

A

blood
heart
blood vessels

85
Q

circulatory system main function

A

transport nutrients + waste to and from body cells

regulate body temp

fight white blood cells

86
Q

the heart pumps blood through large blood vessels called

A

AWAY arteries, branching into smaller blood vessels

87
Q

smallest blood vessels

A

capillaries

88
Q

capillaries function

A

blood exchanges substances w/ surrounding tissue

89
Q

blood flowers into larger blood vessel called ____ and returns to the heart

A

veins

90
Q

blood is a type of epithelial tissue (T or F)

A

false

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

91
Q

RBCs

A

half the blood’s volume

contain hemogoblin

92
Q

hemogoblin

A

allows RBCs to transport oxygen throughout the body

93
Q

WBCs

A

infection fighting cells

is less than 1% of the blood’s volume

only blood cell that has nucleus

94
Q

platelets

A

tiny cells that help in blood clotting

less than 1% of bloods volume

95
Q

plasma

A

protein rich liquid that carries the blood cells along

OVER HALF the blood’s volume

96
Q

heart is made up of three different types of tissue

A

cardiac muscle tissue

nerve tissue

connective tissue

97
Q

heart has muscle and nerves that are covered with a smooth layer of ______________ tissue

A

epithelial

allowing blood to flow freely long the walls

98
Q

three types of blood vessels

A

capilaries, veins, arteries

99
Q

arteries characteristics

A

carry blood AWAY from heart

thick walls, elastic

blood under great pressure

100
Q

veins characteristics

A

carry blood TOWARDS the heart

thin walls w/ valves to prevent backflow

under LOW pressure

101
Q

arteries and veins vary in size, the largest near the heart (T or F)

A

true

102
Q

arteries + veins are connected by

A

capillaries

103
Q

first organ transplant was what, when, and between who

A

a kidney

1954

two identical twins

104
Q

organs you can transplant

A

heart, liver, lungs, pancreas, intestines

105
Q

tissues you can transplant

A

cornea, skin, bone, bone marrow, tendons blood vessels

106
Q

T or F

majority donor organs are from deceased people

A

true

107
Q

xenotransplantation

A

transplanting of body parts from one species to another

108
Q

musculoskeletal system

A

consists of all the bones (skeleton) and the muscles that move the bones in the body

109
Q

skeletons main roles

A

provide structure + support body

provide anchor points for muscles

protects internal organs

110
Q

skeleton made of three different types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

bones

ligaments

cartilage

111
Q

bones in skeleton are made of what

A

made of minerals (calcium + phosphorus) + collagen fibres

112
Q

some bones in skeleton contain bone marrow which produces ______ and ______ _______ cells

A

red and white blood cells

113
Q

ligaments

A

elastic connective tissue holding bones together at joints

made of long fibres of collagen

114
Q

cartilage

A

dense connective tissue made of special cells in matrix of collagen fibres

provides strong, flexible, low-friction support for bones + other tissues

115
Q

cartilage can be found on which body parts

A

ear, nose, esophagus, disks between verbal disks + joints

116
Q

muscles

A

allow body to move

117
Q

muscles have bundles of long cells called ______ ______ that contain specialized proteins

A

muscle fibres

118
Q

proteins do what to muscles

A

contract when they receive signal from nerves

119
Q

when muscles contract they get

A

shorter and thicker

120
Q

three types of muscles

A

skeletal

smooth

cardiac

121
Q

skeletal muscles

A

voluntary

attached to bones by tendons

122
Q

smooth muscles

A

involuntary

found in intestines

123
Q

cardiac muscles

A

involuntary

found in heart

124
Q

tendons

A

attach bones and muscles

125
Q

muscles can _______ not ________

A

PULL NOT PUSH

126
Q

muscles work individually (T or F)

A

FALSE
THEY WORK IN PAIRS

127
Q

Osteoporosis

A

loss of bone tissue due to loss of calcium in bones

128
Q

osteoporosis is more common amongst men (T or F)

A

FALSE
ITS FOR WOMEN OFC.

129
Q

endoskeleton

A

skeleton on inside of body

130
Q

exoskeleton

A

skeleton outside of body

131
Q

nervous system

A

makes up the brain
spinal cord
and peripheral nerve

132
Q

the nervous system can sense the __________ and coordinates appropriate _________-

A

environment

response

133
Q

the nervous system can be made into two parts

A

Central Nervous System

Periphereal Nervous System

134
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of brain + spinal cord

protected by bones

cushioned by cerebrospinal fluid

135
Q

Periphereal Nervous System

A

made of nerves that carry signals between CNS + body

136
Q

PNS can be divided into three groups of nerves

A

nerves that control voluntary muscle

nerves that carry info from sensory organs to brain

nerves that regulate involuntary functions

137
Q

nerve tissue is made of special cells called

A

neurons

138
Q

nerve tissue is found in

A

brain
spinal cord
nerves

139
Q

neurons send info around body by

A

conducting electrical signals (nerve impulses) from one area to another

140
Q

axons

A

connect nerve cells

141
Q

axons are covered by a fatty tissue called

A

myelin

142
Q

myelin

A

acts like insulation on electrical wire + prevents electrical impulses from passing to wrong neuron

143
Q

nerves are bundles of neurons surrounded by

A

connective tissue

144
Q

sensory receptors

A

specialized cells or tissue that receive input from external environment and send signals from PNS to CNS

145
Q

spinal cord’s other important function

A

acts as shortcut for reflexes

146
Q

reflexes

A

actions that don’t require involvement of brain

147
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

caused by malfunction of immune system

destroys myelin sheaths of neurons = muscle weakness, slur speech, + difficulty walking

Grade 9 SCIENCE (9 decks)

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