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Science Exam Study Group > BIOLOGY EXAM OF ALL TIME > Flashcards

BIOLOGY EXAM OF ALL TIME Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Independent variable (IV)

A

the variable that is purposefully changed by the experimenter

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2
Q

What is monoculture?

A

The cultivation of one plant in a large area.

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3
Q

Does Asexual Reproduction use monoculture?

A

Yes, It uses the benefits and risks that monoculture has to offer.

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4
Q

What is vegetation propagation?

A

The process of cloning plants while making farming more reliable.

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5
Q

What may threaten monoculture?

A

Changes in the environment threaten may threaten the entire monoculture because of the lack of variability (ex. New pest)

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6
Q

Can organisms reproduce both asexually and sexually?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What’s an example of an organism that reproduces both asexually and sexually?

A

Yeast

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8
Q

Binary fission

A

chromosomes replicate and the cell splits into two new cells of equal size.

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9
Q

Where is binary fission common?

A

Bacteria and protists

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10
Q

Spore formation

A

chromosomes replicate and are surrounded by a tough outer cote. Then, the spore divides to form a new fungus or plant

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11
Q

What is budding?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell are duplicated but the daughter cell- called a bud- is smaller than the parent- it then pinches off to become a new individual

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12
Q

What is vegetative propagation?

A

some plants produce new individuals that are
initially attached to the parent and then
separate

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13
Q

What are some methods of vegetative propagation?

A

cuttings and runners (horizontal, above-ground stems)

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14
Q

What is regeneration?

A

development of a new

animal from its body parts

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15
Q

Do cancer cells perform any useful functions?

A

No, cancer cells don’t perform helpful/useful functions.

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16
Q

How do organisms usually get cancer cells?

A

Organisms get cancer cells from mutations in genes that produce proteins involved in the cell cycle.

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17
Q

What does radiation do?

A

It targets specific cells and destroys them.

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18
Q

Cancer can result in what?

A

tumors

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19
Q

What do tumors look like

A

clumps of cells normally on the skin that grow into the veins

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20
Q

What is the trend in differences in cancerous cells and normal cells?

A

Cancer cells have fewer total cells in each cell cycle process while normal cells have more.

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21
Q

What does radiation do?

A

It targets specific cells and destroys them.

22
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

It helps detect the early developments of cancer cells and destroys them. However, sometimes cancer cells are able to avoid being detected.

23
Q

What can tumors do?

A

Deprive normal cells of nutrients

24
Q

What does Chemotherapy do?

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs interfere with the duplication of DNA. Since continuously dividing cells duplicate DNA frequently it is especially toxic to them.

25
Q

Are normal cells affected by chemotherapy?

A

No, only rapidly dividing cells are.

26
Q

What are some rapidly dividing cells?

A

Hair cells, Bone marrow cells (causes blood problems if they deplete), and cells that line the digestive tract (causes nausea if they deplete)

27
Q

What do offspring have?

A

Offspring have some organelles and cytoplasm of the parent cell

28
Q

What part of an offspring is identical to that of the parent?

A

The genetic material of offspring is

identical to that of a parent.

29
Q

What is necessary for Reproduction? (think of asexual reproduction)

A

cell division

30
Q

dependent variable (DV)

A

variable that responds to the IV, variable that is measured

31
Q

Constants

A

all factors that remain the same in the experiment

32
Q

control

A

group which is the standard for comparing experimental effects

33
Q

What is Asexual Reproduction?

A

Production of offspring from one parent

34
Q

What does Asexual Reproduction pass on?

A

Offspring have some organelles and

the cytoplasm of the parent cell. The genetic material of offspring is identical to that of a parent.

35
Q

How many steps of the scientific method are there?

A

7

36
Q

What are the steps of the scientific method?

A

state the problem, gather information, form a hypothesis, expiriment, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions

37
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

an educated guess about the relationship between the independant and dependant variables that can be tested

38
Q

genetics

A

the branch of biology that studies heredity

39
Q

traits

A

characteristics that are inherited

40
Q

hybrid

A

offspring produced when two varieties of plants or animals, or closely related species are mated

41
Q

cross

A

mating one organism with another

42
Q

fillial

A

offspring

43
Q

monohybrid cross

A

mating of two parrents whitch differ from each other by a single trait

44
Q

dihybrid cross

A

fertilization between two organisms to study the inheritance of two different traits

45
Q

gene

A

a segment of DNA located on a chromosome that directs the production of a particular protien

46
Q

chromosomes

A

cell structure that carries genetic material

47
Q

alleles

A

gene form for each variation of a trait

48
Q

dominant

A

visable, observable trait that masks a recessive form of that trait

49
Q

recessive

A

hidden trait of an organism that is masked by a dominant trait

50
Q

genotype

A

the gene combination that an organism contains

51
Q

phenotype

A

the way an organism looks

52
Q

homozygous

A

an organism is homozygous for a trait if its 2 alleles for that trait are the same

Science Exam Study Group (8 decks)

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