biology EXAM #3 pt.2 Flashcards
The living cell is a
Cellular respiration extracts
Cells apply this energy to
Some organisms even convert
miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur
energy stored in sugars and other fuels
perform work
energy to light, as in bioluminescence
An organism’s metabolism transforms ¡
Metabolism
Is the totality of an
Arises from
matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
organism’s chemical reactions
interactions between molecules
A metabolic pathway has many steps
That begin with a ___________ and end with a ________
That are each catalyzed by a
specific molecule; product
specific enzyme
Change of free energy ΔG => free energy indicates
-ΔG then = ___________ reaction
+ ΔG then = __________ reaction
the portion of the system’s energy that can perform work when To and pressure are uniform throughout the system.
exergonic
endergonic
Catabolic pathways:
-Break down
-Release
- example of a pathway of catabolism?
complex molecules into simpler compounds
energy
Cellular respiration
Anabolic pathways:
consume energy to
For example, the synthesis of
Bioenergetics is the study of
build complex molecules from simpler ones
protein from amino acids is an anabolic pathway
how energy flows through living organisms
Energy:
Is the
Exists in various forms, of which some can perform work
Kinetic energy is _____ energy: is the energy associated with ________
Potential energy is _______ energy: is stored in the…
Includes energy stored in
-capacity to cause change
-solar energy; associated with motion
-chemical energy, food: location of matter
molecular structure
Thermodynamics:
Is the study of
According to the first law of thermodynamics – the principle of
Energy can be
Energy cannot be
*hacer flashcards de los law of thermodynamics
energy transformations
conservation
-transferred and transformed
-created or destroyed
According to the second law of thermodynamics – every…
Spontaneous changes that do not require outside energy increase
There is loss of usable energy in the form of ____
energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
the entropy, or disorder, of the universe.
heat
Living cells unavoidably convert
Spontaneous processes occur without ____ _____; they can happen :
For a process to occur spontaneously, it must:
Processes that decrease entropy are _____________; they will occur only if :
organized forms of energy to heat, a more disordered form of energy
energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly
increase the entropy of the universe
nonspontaneous; they will occur only if energy is provided
Organisms create ordered structures from
Organisms also replace…with…
For example, animals consume complex molecules in their food and release smaller, lower energy molecules and heat into the surroundings
less organized forms of energy and matter
ordered forms of matter and energy in their surroundings with less ordered forms
Living systems: increase the…
Use energy to :
ATP- energy for … (meaning of the abvr)
Generated from:
ATP structure:
“_____ ______” compound because :
Releases:
entropy of the universe
maintain order
cells; Adenosine triphosphate; ADP + P
Modified adenine, ribose,
and 3 phosphates
“high energy” compound because
the terminal phosphate group is
easily removed
7.3 kcal per mole
Advantages of ATP as energy carrier:
Provides a
Breakdown of ATP to ADP+P releases
ATP breakdown is coupled to
-common energy currency for many reactions
-sufficient energy for biological processes- little wasted
-endergonic reactions in such a way that it minimizes energy loss
The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether
A living system’s free energy is energy that
The change in free energy, ∆G during a biological process is related directly to the
the reaction occurs spontaneously
can do work under cellular conditions, when temperature and pressure are uniform, as in a living cell
system’s enthalpy change or total energy (∆H) and the change in system’s entropy (∆S)
ΔG is negative for all ___________ ___________; processes with zero or positive ΔG are never __________
spontaneous processes; spontaneous
Spontaneous processes can be harnessed to
Organisms live at the expense of
During a spontaneous change free energy …
perform work
free energy
decreases and the stability of a system increases
Free energy is a measure of
During a spontaneous change, free energy
Equilibrium is a
A process is spontaneous and can perform work only when
a system’s instability, its tendency to change to a more stable state
decreases and the stability of a system increases
state of maximum stability
it is moving toward equilibrium
Reactions in a closed system eventually reach
The concept of free energy can be applied to
equilibrium which is considered maximum stability and can then do no work
the chemistry of life’s processes
Cells are not in __________; they are:
A defining feature of life is that
A catabolic pathway in a cell releases
equilibrium; they are open systems experiencing a constant flow of materials
metabolism is never at equilibrium
free energy in a series of reactions