biology EXAM #2 pt.1 Flashcards

1
Q

The Backbone of Biological Molecules

A

Carbon—

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2
Q

All living organisms

A

Are made up of chemicals based mostly on the element carbon

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3
Q

Stanley Miller’s classic experiment demonstrated

A

the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds

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4
Q

what was the Stanley Miller’s classic experiment

A

an attempt at simulating ancient Earth conditions, more specifically, the ancient water cycle. It showed biomolecules can be formed under these conditions.

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5
Q

Experiments support the idea that abiotic synthesis of organic compounds

A

, perhaps near volcanoes, could have been a stage in the origin of life

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6
Q

Organic chemistry is the study of

A

carbon compounds, regardless of their origin

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7
Q

Organic compounds:

A

Range from simple molecules to colossal ones:
Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

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8
Q

Electron configuration determines

A

the kinds and number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms

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9
Q

Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by:

It has: (how many electrons)

This allows it to form :

Tetravalence:

A
  • bonding to four other atoms

-six electrons, four on in outer shell: therefore, carbon has four valence electrons

-four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms (preferred bonding)

  • Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.
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10
Q

The bonding versatility of carbon allows it to :

A

form many diverse molecules, including carbon skeletons (H, O, N, S, P and other C atoms )

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11
Q

methane:

ethane:

ethene:

A

-CH4

-C2H6

-C2H4

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12
Q

The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to

A

its valence, the number of covalent bonds it can form

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13
Q

The electron configuration of carbon gives it

A

covalent compatibility with many different elements

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14
Q

number of valence
H
O
N
C

A

1
2
3
4

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15
Q

Valence is the number of:

It is generally equal to the number of:

A

-covalent bonds an atom can form.

-electrons required to complete the atom’s outermost (valence) electron shell

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16
Q

CO2 is the source of

A

carbon for all the organic molecules found in organisms.

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17
Q

Simple molecules:
a)
b)

A

a) carbon dioxide O = C = O
b) urea CO(NH2)2. organic compound found in urine. Frederich Wohler learned to synthesized In early 19th century.

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18
Q

Carbon chains:
form
vary
a b c d

two examples

A

-the skeletons of most organic molecules

-Vary in length and shape

length
branching
double bonds
rings

-carbohydrates: starches and glycerol
sugars: ribose, glucose

19
Q

Hydrocarbons are:

two examples:

these molecules
-have:
-can:

A

-molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

  1. fossil fuels
  2. fats have hydrocarbon components

-have non-polar carbon–to–hydrogen linkages
-can undergo reactions that release a relatively large amount of energy.

20
Q

Isomers are :

_______ for AD/HD. (…)

Antidepressant ________ and ________ selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).

which type of isomer is active and which isn’t?

THALIDOMIDE, a drug prescribed for…

The drug was a mixture of…

A

-molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties

-Focalin (d-isomer is the active form… l-isomer has little or no activity)

-citalopram and Lexapro(primarily S isomer)

  • S isomer is active, the r isomer is not.
    -celexa has a higher percent of the R isomer (no activity)

-a drug prescribed for thousands of pregnant women in the late 1950s and early 1960s.

-Mixture of two enantiomers, one reduced morning sickness, the desired effect, but the other caused severe birth defects.

21
Q

Structural isomers have different:

______ isomers or ________ isomers have:

Enantiomers are isomers that:

A
  • covalent arrangements of their atoms

-Cis-trans isomers or Geometric isomers have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements

  • mirror images
 of each other
22
Q

(a) Structural isomers:

(b) Geometric isomers:

(c) Enantiomers:

A

-differ in 
covalent partner or arrangement of 
C skeleton

-differ in 
their spacial arrangement
, same covalent partner

-differ in spacial
arrangement around
 an asymetric carbon 
resulting in mirror images molecules

23
Q

structural isomers :
The number of possible isomers increases…

There are only ________ but there are

Structural isomers may also differ in:

A

-as carbon skeletons increase in size.

-three pentanes; 18 variations of C8H18 and 366,319 possible structural isomers of C20H42.

-the location of double bonds .

24
Q

geometric isomers have:

Geometric isomers arise from the :

Each of the carbons has an ____________ attached to it, but one isomer…., and the other isomer has…

The subtle difference in shape between geometric isomers can dramatically affect

A
  • the same covalent partnerships, but they differ in their spatial arrangements.

-inflexibility of double bonds.

-H and an X; but one isomer has a “cis ” arrangement, with two Xs on the same side relative to the double bond. and the other isomer has a “ trans ” arrangement, with the Xs on opposite sides.

-the biological activities of organic molecules.

25
Q

__________ are important in the pharmaceutical industry

Two enantiomers of a drug may have:

Usually, only :

Differing effects of enantiomers demonstrate that :

A

-Enantiomers

  • different effects

-one isomer is biologically active

-organisms are sensitive to even subtle variations 
in molecules

26
Q

ibuprofen
does…
effective enantiomer
ineffective enantiomer

A

-reduces inflammation and pain
S-ibuprofen
R-ibuprofen

27
Q

albuterol
does…
effective enantiomer
ineffective enantiomer

A

relaxes bronchial muscles, improving airflow in asthma patients
R-albuterol
S-albuterol

28
Q

The distinctive properties of an organic molecule depend on:

A


-the arrangement of its carbon skeleton


-the molecular components attached to that skeleton (functional groups or F(x).

29
Q

Functional groups are:

A

the chemically reactive groups of atoms within an organic molecule - are involved in chemical reactions

30
Q

Each functional group behaves……., and the number and arrangement of the groups help….

A

-consistently from one organic molecule to another
-give each molecule its unique properties

31
Q

Six functional groups are important in the chemistry of life:

A

Hydroxyl (—OH),
Carbonyl (aldehydes, ketones) (> C=O)
Carboxyl(—COOH).
Amino (—NH2)
Sulfhydryl (-SH)
Phosphate (—OPO32–)

32
Q

Hydroxyl group (—OH)

example…
info

compound name

A

-Ethanol, the alcohol present in 
alcoholic beverages

-Polar. Forms hydrogen bonds with water.

-Compound name: Alcohol

33
Q

Carbonyl group ( C ═ O)

example
info

compound name

A

-Acetone, the simplest ketone and Propanal

-Sugars with ketone groups are called ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses.

-Compound name: Ketone or aldehyde

34
Q

Carboxyl group (—COOH)

example
info

compound name

A

-Acetic acid and Ionized form of —COOH
(carboxylate ion)

-Acts as an acid.

-Compound name: Carboxylic acid, or organic acid

35
Q

Amino group (—NH2)

example
info
compound name

A

-Glycine and Ionized form of —NH2

-Acts as a base.

-Compound name: Amine

36
Q

Sulfhydryl group (—SH)

example
info
compound name

A

-Cysteine

-Two —SH groups can react, forming a “cross-link” that helps stabilize protein structure.

-Compound name: Thiol

37
Q

Phosphate group (—OPO32−)

example
info
compound name

A

-Glycerol phosphate

-Contributes negative charge. When attached, confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy.

-Compound name: Organic phosphate

38
Q

Methyl group (—CH3)

example
info
compound name

A

5-Methylcytosine

-Affects the expression of genes. Affects the shape and function of sex hormones.

-Compound name: Methylated compound

39
Q

ATP
complete name
what it is
primary…
made up of:
react with:

A

adenosine triphosphate

-A modified adenosine nucleotide attached to a string of three phosphate groups

-It is the primary energy–transferring molecule in the cell to do work.

-A ribose sugar, a base, three phosphates

-ATP stores the potential to react with water

40
Q

The versatility of carbon makes possible:

A

-the great diversity of organic molecules

-variation at the molecular level lies at the foundation of all biological diversity on our planet

41
Q

The concept of vitalism:
Is the idea that…
Was disproved when…

A

-organic compounds arise only within living organisms

  • chemists synthesized the compounds in the laboratory
42
Q

STANLEY EXPERIMENT

experiment

result

conclusioon

A

-In 1953, Stanley Miller simulated environmental conditions on the lifeless, primordial Earth. Miller used electrical discharges to trigger reactions in a primitive “atmosphere” of H2O, H2, NH3 (ammonia), and CH4 (methane)—some of the gases released by volcanoes.

-A variety of organic compounds that play key roles in living cells were synthesized in Miller’s apparatus.

-Organic compounds may have been synthesized abiotically on the early Earth, setting the stage for the origin of life.

43
Q

Some important functional groups of organic compounds:

A

-ALCOHOLS: (their specific names usually end in -ol)

-KETONES: if the carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton

-ALDEHYDES: if the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton

-CARBOXYLIC ACIDS, or organic acids