Biology EXAM 2 Flashcards by DJ Delacruz JR

Inhibits formation of peptidoglycan, making bacteria’s cell wall non-functional

Penicillin

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Many prokaryotes and archaea have cell wall covered with this sticky protein or polysaccharides which resists attacks by immune response and reduces dessication

Capsule

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Composed of polysaccharides and proteins

Domain Archaea cell wall

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Composed of peptidoglycan

Domain Bacteria cell wall

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Hair-like appendages found in some prokarotes that are sticky and adhere to surfaces, used for attachment.

Fimbriae

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Long, hair-like retractable extensions from cell wall.

Pull cells together prior to plasmid trasfer.

Turns into conjugating (mating) bridge (tube)

Sex Pili (us)

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Motile appendage used for proulsion. Occur in any number and location on a cell.

Flagella (um)

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Bacteria genome located in region called the __________

Nucleoid

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Prokaryotes lack organelles, so specialized functions are performed by

Membrane folds

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A small ring of self replicating DNA found in prokaryotes

Plasmid

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A prokaryotic cell replicates its “chromosome” and encapsulates it in a(n) ____________, the remainder of the cell degenerates and water is excluded from the ________ and metabolism stops. Can last centuries, survive boiling water

Endospore

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Non-mitotic replication of the “chromosome” and subsequent division into two daughter cells.

Binary fission

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Modes of genome modification that result in genetic transfer WITHOUT cellular division

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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___________ results in increase in the number of cells, ______________ results in change in the genome of existing cells.

Binary fission, horizontal gene transfer

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The uptake of foreign DNA from the environment, resulting in a change in genotype and possibly phenotype

TRANSFORMATION, HGT

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Bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host to another during phage reproduction.

TRANSDUCTION, HGT

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A one way trasfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells (same or different species) via transfer of either a plasmid or a piece of a chromosome containing a piece of DNA known as F factor (F=fertility)

Conjugation

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The three types of Horizontal Gene Transfer:

Transformation
Transduction
Conjugation

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Require INORGANIC source of carbon e.g. CO2

Autotrophs

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Require ORGANIC sources of carbon e.g. glucose

Heterotrophs

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Obtain energy from light

Phototrophs

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Obtain energy from chemicals

Chemotrophs

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Must have O2 for ATP synthesis

Obligate aerobes

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O2 is toxic for these organisms

Obligate anaerobes

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Can survive in either aerobic or anaerobic environs e.g. yeast

Facultative anaerobes

Essential for production of nucleic and amino acids

Nitrogen

A division of metabolic processes between different prokaryotes of the SAME SPECIES

Metabolic cooperation

A close interaction between members of DIFFERENT SPECIES

Symbiosis

Large aggregations of multi-species colonies linked together by a protein film with channels to allow nutrients to reach the inner cells ands wastes to be expelled. Signaling molecules are released to recruit new cells.

Biofilm

Tolerate or require extreme conditions to survive

Extremophiles

Tolerate or require extreme salinity to survive

Extreme halophiles

Tolerate or require high temperatures to survive

Extreme thermophiles

Cemotrophs who decompose animal corpses and waste producs releasing C, N, and other elements for reuse

Decomposers

Cyanobacteria and some methangens convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia and then into other N coompounds which are used by eukaryotes

Nitrogen fixation

Cyanobacteria which produce O2 as a product of photosynthesis

Oxygen fixation

Each member of a symbiotic relationship

Symbiont

Association is required for the survival of both symbionts

MUTUALISM (+,+)

Association is not required for the survival of either symbiont, but is beneficial to both.

PROTOCOOPERATION (+,+)

Association is not required for the survival of either symbiont

COMMENSALISM (+,0)

Both symbionts are negatively impacted, but one loses more than the other

COMPETITION (-,-)

One symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other symbiont (host) without causing its death.

PARASITISM (+,-)

One symbiont (prey) benefits at the expense of the other symbiont (prey) via its death.

PREDATION (+,-)

One symbiont is negatively affected while the other is not affected by the relationship

AMENSALISM (-,0)

Neither symbiont benefits or is harmed by the relationship. May not actually occur.

NEUTRALISM (0,0)

A behavior that favors the survival or spread of an individuals genes, that may result in negative consequences to the individual

Biological Altruism

A term used to refer to eukaryotes that are NOT plants, animals, or fungus.

PROTISTS

3 characteristics of protists

Eukaryotic Membrane bound organelles Variable cellular organization

Organism unable to swim against a current and usually microscopic

Plankton

Diatom tests sink to the ocean bottom and form thick deposits known as:

Ooze deposits

Cell walls of brown algae known as:

Algin

Obligate symbiont species of dinoflagellates

Zooxanthellae

Contain an apical complex to penetrate host, multiple hosts usually required for life cycle

Apicomplexans

Contain a flagellum and an undulating membrane for locomotion blood parasite in vertebrates cause african sleeping sickness

Trypanosoma

An organism whose body is infected with the asexual stage of the parasite

Intermediate host

An organism in whose body the sexual stage of a parasite occurs

Final host

Freshwater and marine plankton with 2 flagella. cells usually reinforced with cellulose plate

Dinoflagellates

Sporophyte and gametophyte structurally different

Heteromorphic

Sporophyte and gametophyte generation structurally similar although they differ in chromosome number

Isomorphic

Name 3 commercial uses of algin

used in foods, used in bakery products, used to stabilize frozen foods, used to stabilize beer foam, used in salad dressing to prevent ingredients from separating, used in icing to stabilize frosting, used in paper coating, used for dental impression compound toothpaste, used to suspend pigments in paints

Microscopic Tests of calcium carbonate marine and freshwater plankton, or SESSIL capture food with pseudopods

Foramaniferans

Microscopic Unicellular with tests of silica Marine plankton Pseudopods Form ooze deposits

Radiolarians

Marine can live at extreme depths source of agarose some form heavily calcified

Red algae

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial isomorphic alteration of generation Precursor to land plants

Green algae

Unicellular Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial Propulsion by pseudopods testae or naked heterotrophs

Amoebas

Unicelluar Reduced pseudopods Enteric parasites of vertebrates

Entamoebas

Brighty colored occupy moist terrestrial environments forms a diploid plasmodium super cell multinucleated saprophytic/saprozoic

Slime molds