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Biology 151 > Biology EXAM 2 > Flashcards

Biology EXAM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Inhibits formation of peptidoglycan, making bacteria’s cell wall non-functional

A

Penicillin

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2
Q

Many prokaryotes and archaea have cell wall covered with this sticky protein or polysaccharides which resists attacks by immune response and reduces dessication

A

Capsule

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3
Q

Composed of polysaccharides and proteins

A

Domain Archaea cell wall

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4
Q

Composed of peptidoglycan

A

Domain Bacteria cell wall

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5
Q

Hair-like appendages found in some prokarotes that are sticky and adhere to surfaces, used for attachment.

A

Fimbriae

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6
Q

Long, hair-like retractable extensions from cell wall.

Pull cells together prior to plasmid trasfer.

Turns into conjugating (mating) bridge (tube)

A

Sex Pili (us)

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7
Q

Motile appendage used for proulsion. Occur in any number and location on a cell.

A

Flagella (um)

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8
Q

Bacteria genome located in region called the __________

A

Nucleoid

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9
Q

Prokaryotes lack organelles, so specialized functions are performed by

A

Membrane folds

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10
Q

A small ring of self replicating DNA found in prokaryotes

A

Plasmid

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11
Q

A prokaryotic cell replicates its “chromosome” and encapsulates it in a(n) ____________, the remainder of the cell degenerates and water is excluded from the ________ and metabolism stops. Can last centuries, survive boiling water

A

Endospore

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12
Q

Non-mitotic replication of the “chromosome” and subsequent division into two daughter cells.

A

Binary fission

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13
Q

Modes of genome modification that result in genetic transfer WITHOUT cellular division

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer

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14
Q

___________ results in increase in the number of cells, ______________ results in change in the genome of existing cells.

A

Binary fission, horizontal gene transfer

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15
Q

The uptake of foreign DNA from the environment, resulting in a change in genotype and possibly phenotype

A

TRANSFORMATION, HGT

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16
Q

Bacteriophages carry bacterial genes from one host to another during phage reproduction.

A

TRANSDUCTION, HGT

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17
Q

A one way trasfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells (same or different species) via transfer of either a plasmid or a piece of a chromosome containing a piece of DNA known as F factor (F=fertility)

A

Conjugation

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18
Q

The three types of Horizontal Gene Transfer:

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
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19
Q

Require INORGANIC source of carbon e.g. CO2

A

Autotrophs

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20
Q

Require ORGANIC sources of carbon e.g. glucose

A

Heterotrophs

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21
Q

Obtain energy from light

A

Phototrophs

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22
Q

Obtain energy from chemicals

A

Chemotrophs

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23
Q

Must have O2 for ATP synthesis

A

Obligate aerobes

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24
Q

O2 is toxic for these organisms

A

Obligate anaerobes

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25
Q

Can survive in either aerobic or anaerobic environs e.g. yeast

A

Facultative anaerobes

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26
Q

Essential for production of nucleic and amino acids

A

Nitrogen

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27
Q

A division of metabolic processes between different prokaryotes of the SAME SPECIES

A

Metabolic cooperation

28
Q

A close interaction between members of DIFFERENT SPECIES

A

Symbiosis

29
Q

Large aggregations of multi-species colonies linked together by a protein film with channels to allow nutrients to reach the inner cells ands wastes to be expelled. Signaling molecules are released to recruit new cells.

A

Biofilm

30
Q

Tolerate or require extreme conditions to survive

A

Extremophiles

31
Q

Tolerate or require extreme salinity to survive

A

Extreme halophiles

32
Q

Tolerate or require high temperatures to survive

A

Extreme thermophiles

33
Q

Cemotrophs who decompose animal corpses and waste producs releasing C, N, and other elements for reuse

A

Decomposers

34
Q

Cyanobacteria and some methangens convert atmospheric N2 into ammonia and then into other N coompounds which are used by eukaryotes

A

Nitrogen fixation

35
Q

Cyanobacteria which produce O2 as a product of photosynthesis

A

Oxygen fixation

36
Q

Each member of a symbiotic relationship

A

Symbiont

37
Q

Association is required for the survival of both symbionts

A

MUTUALISM (+,+)

38
Q

Association is not required for the survival of either symbiont, but is beneficial to both.

A

PROTOCOOPERATION (+,+)

39
Q

Association is not required for the survival of either symbiont

A

COMMENSALISM (+,0)

40
Q

Both symbionts are negatively impacted, but one loses more than the other

A

COMPETITION (-,-)

41
Q

One symbiont (parasite) benefits at the expense of the other symbiont (host) without causing its death.

A

PARASITISM (+,-)

42
Q

One symbiont (prey) benefits at the expense of the other symbiont (prey) via its death.

A

PREDATION (+,-)

43
Q

One symbiont is negatively affected while the other is not affected by the relationship

A

AMENSALISM (-,0)

44
Q

Neither symbiont benefits or is harmed by the relationship. May not actually occur.

A

NEUTRALISM (0,0)

45
Q

A behavior that favors the survival or spread of an individuals genes, that may result in negative consequences to the individual

A

Biological Altruism

46
Q

A term used to refer to eukaryotes that are NOT plants, animals, or fungus.

A

PROTISTS

47
Q

3 characteristics of protists

A

Eukaryotic

Membrane bound organelles

Variable cellular organization

48
Q

Organism unable to swim against a current and usually microscopic

A

Plankton

49
Q

Diatom tests sink to the ocean bottom and form thick deposits known as:

A

Ooze deposits

50
Q

Cell walls of brown algae known as:

A

Algin

51
Q

Obligate symbiont species of dinoflagellates

A

Zooxanthellae

52
Q

Contain an apical complex to penetrate host, multiple hosts usually required for life cycle

A

Apicomplexans

53
Q

Contain a flagellum and an undulating membrane for locomotion

blood parasite in vertebrates

cause african sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma

54
Q

An organism whose body is infected with the asexual stage of the parasite

A

Intermediate host

55
Q

An organism in whose body the sexual stage of a parasite occurs

A

Final host

56
Q

Freshwater and marine plankton with 2 flagella.

cells usually reinforced with cellulose plate

A

Dinoflagellates

57
Q

Sporophyte and gametophyte structurally different

A

Heteromorphic

58
Q

Sporophyte and gametophyte generation structurally similar although they differ in chromosome number

A

Isomorphic

59
Q

Name 3 commercial uses of algin

A

used in foods, used in bakery products, used to stabilize frozen foods, used to stabilize beer foam, used in salad dressing to prevent ingredients from separating, used in icing to stabilize frosting, used in paper coating, used for dental impression compound toothpaste, used to suspend pigments in paints

60
Q

Microscopic

Tests of calcium carbonate

marine and freshwater plankton, or SESSIL

capture food with pseudopods

A

Foramaniferans

61
Q

Microscopic

Unicellular with tests of silica

Marine plankton

Pseudopods

Form ooze deposits

A

Radiolarians

62
Q

Marine

can live at extreme depths

source of agarose

some form heavily calcified

A

Red algae

63
Q

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

isomorphic alteration of generation

Precursor to land plants

A

Green algae

64
Q

Unicellular

Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial

Propulsion by pseudopods

testae or naked

heterotrophs

A

Amoebas

65
Q

Unicelluar

Reduced pseudopods

Enteric parasites of vertebrates

A

Entamoebas

66
Q

Brighty colored

occupy moist terrestrial environments

forms a diploid plasmodium super cell

multinucleated

saprophytic/saprozoic

A

Slime molds

Biology 151 (15 decks)

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