Biology EXAM 1 PT I

Question 1

Cosmology studies evolution for:

Answer 1

Origin and development of the Universe

Question 2

Chemistry uses evolution for

Answer 2

Change in macromolecules

Question 3

Astronomy uses evolution for:

Answer 3

Dynamic orbits of various celestial bodies

Question 4

Geology uses evolution for:

Answer 4

Plate tectonics, volcanism, erosion and sedimentation

Question 5

Meteorology uses evolution for:

Answer 5

Ice ages, global warming

Question 6

Oceanography uses evolution for:

Answer 6

El nino, Southern Oscilation, salinity

Question 7

Antropology/Sociology uses evolution for:

Answer 7

Morality, rites of passage, cast systems

Question 8

Politics uses evolution for

Answer 8

socialism, capitalism, totalitarianism

Question 9

Religion uses evolution for

Answer 9

indulgences, burial of dead, marriages, devotional offerings

Question 10

BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION DEFINITION 1

Answer 10

An inheritable change in species over time.

Question 11

BILOOGICAL EVOLUTION DEFINITION 2

Answer 11

The succesive change in allele composition and frequency over time as regulated by MUTATION, GENETIC DRIFT, GENE FLOW AND SELECTION PRESSURE.

KNOW THIS WORD FOR WORD!!

Question 12

DEFINE: SPECIES

Answer 12

A group of interbreeding individuals capable of producing REPRODUCTIVE offspring.

KNOW THIS WORD FOR WORD!!

Question 13

DEFINE: POPULATION

Answer 13

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time and potentially capable of interbreeding.

Question 14

DEFINE: GENE POOL

Answer 14

The total diversity of genes present in a population at any given time.

Question 15

Unifying Principles of Evolution:

PERPETUAL CHANGE

Answer 15

ALL species are in a perpetual state of change.

The living world is neither constant nor perpetually cyclic, but always changing.

Question 16

Unifying Principles of Evolution:

COMMON DESCENT

Answer 16

All species have descended from a common ancestor through branching lineages.

This explains many homologous structures found in various species throughout the world.

Question 17

Unifying Principles of Evolution:

MULTIPLICATION OF SPECIES

Answer 17

NEW species are created via the transformation of existing species.

For example, all the penguins came from 1 existing species of penguins, and due to various limiting factors and selection pressure became a bunch of dumb ass species of penguins.

“Multiplication of species through time is a logical corollary to Darwin’s theory of common descent. A branch point on the evolutionary tree means that an ancestral species has split into two different ones. Darwin’s theory postulates that genetic variation present within a species, especially variation that occurs between geographically separated populations, provides the material from which new species are produced. Because evolution is a branching process, the total number of species produced by evolution increases through time, although most of these species eventually become extinct. A major challenge for evolutionists is to discover the process by which an ancestral species “branches” to form two or more descendant species.”

Question 18

Unifying Principles of Evolution:

GRADUALISM

Answer 18

Genetic change occurs in a population/species continuously and in small incriments.

“Darwin’s theory of gradualism opposed arguments for the sudden origin of species. Small differences, resembling those that we observe among organisms within populations today, are the raw material from which the different major forms of life evolved”

“Small, continuous changes in phenotype.”

Question 19

Unifying Principles of Evolution:

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

Answer 19

Evolution is concentrated in relatively brief events followed by long periods of relative* stasis.

*does not preclude the perpetual change of gene frequencies in the gene pool.

This sort of change in the gene pool is commonly associated with hox gene mutations.

First described and coined by NILES ELDRIDGE and STEPHEN JAY GOULD (1972)

Question 20

Unifying Principles of Evolution:

NATURAL SELECTION

Answer 20

The process by which nature selects those individuals suited (adapted) for survival in a particular environment AT A PARTICULAR TIME.

Question 21

DEFINE: NATURE

Answer 21

The combined influences of PHYSICAL and BIOLOGICAL limiting factors acting upon an organism.

Question 22

DEFINE: LIMITING FACTOR

Answer 22

Any factor (physical or biological) which regulates the welfare of an organism.

Physical limiting factor: The Grand Canyon

Biological limiting factor: Competition, predation.

Question 23

Principles of Natural Selection (3)

Answer 23

1. There is genetic variation within a population.
2. This variation is potentially inheritable.

3 Individuals with advantageous characteristics will leave more offspring to pass on their traits than those without advantageous characeristics.

Question 24

DEFINE: SEXUAL SELECTION

Answer 24

Selection for ‘desireable’ characteristics in a mate.

Question 25

Sexual Selection is based upon: (3)

Answer 25

1. Apparent health 2. Access to resources 3. Avoidance of interbreeding (sticklebacks and major histocompatability complexes)

Question 26

Mode of Natural Selection: STABALIZING

Answer 26

Favors intermediate variants and culls extremes. Common in stable environments.

Question 27

Mode of Natural Selection: DIRECTIONAL

Answer 27

Acts against ariants at one end of continuum. Common in dynamic environs or when exploiting new habitats.

Question 28

Modes of Natural Selection: DISRUPTIVE

Answer 28

Favors variants at both ends of the continuum. Common in vaired habitats.

Question 29

Summary of Dynamics of Evolution: SUBTRACTION (-)

Answer 29

Disadvantageous (non-adaptive) traits are removed from the population/gene pool.

Question 30

Summary of Dynamics of Evolution: Addition (+)

Answer 30

Beneficial (adaptive) traits are ADDED to the gene pool/population.

Question 31

Summary of Dynamics of Evolution: Multiplication (x)

Answer 31

Beneficial traits MULTIPIED in occurance in population via selection.

Question 32

Summary of Dynamics of Evolution: DIVIDED (%)

Answer 32

Population traits DIVIDED into desireable and undesireable via sexual selection.

Question 33

2 Modes of information Transmision Between Generations

Answer 33

1. Genes 2. Memes

Question 34

Genes:

Answer 34

Information coded via nucleotide sequences on DNA or RNA.

Question 35

Variation in the gene pool caused by: (4)

Answer 35

1. Genetic Drift 2. Nonrandom mating 3. Migration 4. Mutation

Question 36

Events causing mutation in DNA (3)

Answer 36

1. Point mutations (change in sequence) 2. Base substitutions 3. Base insertion 4. Base deletion

Question 37

Eugenics

Answer 37

Any condition which results in an increase on the "fitness" of the gene pool.

Question 38

Relative Fitness

Answer 38

A measure of the state of adaptation of an organism as expressed by its ability to pass on its genotype relative to others in the population.

Question 39

Dysgenics

Answer 39

Any condition that results in any decreased fitness of the gene pool.

Question 40

Biogeography

Answer 40

The study of the geographical distribution of life forms and its causes.

Question 41

Geographic Speciation: ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

Answer 41

The fragmentation of a population as a result of geological or climatic barriers resulting in new environmental conditions and limiting factors.

Question 42

Vicariant Allopatric Speciation

Answer 42

Population divided within present range, Grand Canyon Ground Squirrels

Question 43

Peripatric Allopatric Speciation

Answer 43

(Founder Event) Small portion of population (gene pool) migrates to new area

Question 44

Sympatric Allopatric Speciation

Answer 44

New species forming from parent population within the same habitat.