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Y8 EOY > Biology EOY > Flashcards

Biology EOY Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

The plants and animals that are found in a particular area

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2
Q

What is a community?

A

The living organisms within an ecosystem

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3
Q

What is a population?

A

The number of animals or plants of the same type within an area

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4
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The area in which a community lives

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5
Q

What is a niche?

A

A particular place or role that an organism has within an ecosystem

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6
Q

What is a quadrat?

A

A piece of equipment used to determine the population of a species in an area

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7
Q

Why must sampling be random?

A

To remove bias

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8
Q

What is a transect?

A

A piece of equipment used to measure the change in the population of a species along a line

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9
Q

How do you outline the population of a field with a quadrat?

A
  • Divide the field into a grid
  • Generate random numbers to use as coordinates
  • Place the quadrat at these coordinates
  • Count the number of species at this coordinate
  • Repeat 10 times
  • Calculate the mean
  • Scale this mean up to the area of the field
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10
Q

What is a food chain?

A

A diagram to show what an organism eats

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11
Q

What do the arrows represent in a food chain?

A

The transfer of energy

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12
Q

What is a producer?

A

The organism at the start of a food chain that gets it’s energy from the sun

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13
Q

What is a herbivore?

A

An animal that only eats plants

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14
Q

What is a carnivore?

A

An animal that eats other animals

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15
Q

Why are food chains short?

A

The energy transferred along the food chain decreases after each level. After four or five links the energy transferred to the organism at the too would be too little

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16
Q

Why does the amount of energy decrease through the food chain?

A

Energy is transferred to the surroundings as heat and waste products

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17
Q

What is interdependence?

A

When organisms rely on each other to survive, grow and reproduce

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18
Q

What is bioaccumulation?

A

When chemicals build up along the food chain meaning animals towards the end of a food chain are more affected than those at the start

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19
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Water + carbon dioxide —> glucose + oxygen

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20
Q

What is glucose stored as in a plant?

A

Starch

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21
Q

How do you test for starch?

A

Orange iodine will turn black if starch is present

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22
Q

What is the green pigment in leaves?

A

Chlorophyll

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23
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll?

A

To absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

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24
Q

How is the palisade layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Large surface area and lots of chloroplasts to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis

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25
Q

How is the spongy layer adapted for photosynthesis?

A

Large spaces for gas exchange

26
Q

What is the function of stomata?

A

They open and close to control water loss and gas exchange

27
Q

What are the cells that control the stomata called?

A

Guard cells

28
Q

What are the four minerals that plants need for healthy growth?

A

Nitrates, phosphates, magnesium, potassium

29
Q

What does a deficiency in magnesium cause?

A

Plants can’t make chlorophyll so their leaves turn yellow

30
Q

What does a deficiency in phosphates cause?

A

Poor root growth and young leaves look purple

31
Q

What does a deficiency in potassium cause?

A

Yellow leaves with dead patches

32
Q

What does a deficiency in nitrates cause?

A

Old, yellow leaves and poor plant growth

33
Q

What are xylem tubes?

A

They are tubes in the stem that transport minerals around the plant

34
Q

What is an NPK fertiliser?

A

A substance added to the soil to replace the minerals taken by plants

35
Q

What does NPK stand for in NPK fertilisers?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

36
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen —> water + carbon dioxide

37
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid (+ energy)

38
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place in a cell?

A

Mitochondria

39
Q

Describe the process of fermentation

A

In some microorganisms anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide instead of lactic acid

40
Q

What is the word equation for fermentation?

A

Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol ( + energy)

41
Q

Name three products made using fermentation

A

Beer, bread and wine

42
Q

What is fermented to make bread?

A

Yeast in flour. The ethanol is burned away in the baking process

43
Q

What is fermented to make wine?

A

Yeast ferments sugar in grapes

44
Q

What is fermented to make beer?

A

Yeast ferments sugar in barley grains

45
Q

What is chemosynthesis?

A

Where bacteria uses chemical reactions to make glucose

46
Q

What are the bacteria that carry out chemosynthesis called?

A

Chemosynthetic

47
Q

Where do sulfur bacteria live?

A

They are found at the bottom of the ocean where they convert hydrogen sulfides into nutrients

48
Q

Where do nitrogen bacteria live?

A

They live in the soil and roots of some plants where they use nitrogen in chemosynthesis

49
Q

Outline the term symbiotic relationship. Use the example of tubeworms and chemosynthetic bacteria

A

A symbiotic relationship is where each organism benefits from each other.
Tubeworms live in sea vents on the seafloor but do not have a stomach. Chemosynthetic bacteria live within the tubeworm and use chemicals from the tubeworms for chemosynthesis. The tubeworm then feeds of the substances made by the bacteria.

50
Q

What resources do animals compete for?

A

Food, water, space and mates

51
Q

What resources do plants compete for?

A

Light, space, water, minerals

52
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Features that enable an organism to be successful and therefore survive

53
Q

Give adaptations of animals living in the desert

A
  1. Large body- heats up slowly
  2. Doesn’t sweat- preserves body
  3. Wide feet- don’t sink into the sand
  4. Long eyelashes- stop sand going into eyes
  5. Concentrated urine and dry faeces- preserve water
54
Q

Give adaptations of a plant in the desert

A
  1. Waxy layer- prevents water loss
  2. Thick stems- store more water
  3. Widespread roots- collect more water
  4. Spines- preserve water and not get eaten
55
Q

How do trees cope with the changing seasons?

A

Lose their leaves in Winter to save energy. Also regain the nutrients and stops roots freezing

56
Q

How do animals cope with changing seasons?

A
  1. Hibernation
  2. Migration
  3. Grow thicker fur
57
Q

How does the snowshoe hare cope with the changing seasons?

A

As is gets warmer, its fur gets more brown

58
Q

What is interdependence?

A

When the population of one animal directly affects the population of another

59
Q

What is variation?

A

Difference in characteristics

60
Q

What is inherited variation?

A

Variation in characteristics that are inherited from parents

Y8 EOY (13 decks)

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