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MCAT Biology > Biology: Chapter 9: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 9: The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is intracellular digestion

A

involves the oxidation of glucose and fatty acids to make energy

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2
Q

What is extracellular digestion

A

occurs in the lumen of the alimentary canal

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3
Q

What is mechanical digestion

A

physical breakdown of large food particles into smaller food particles

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4
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

enzymatic cleavage of chemical bonds such as the peptide bonds of proteins or the glycosidic bonds of starches

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5
Q

what is the pathway of the digestive tract

A

oral cavity -> pharynx -> esophagus -> stomach -> small intestine -> large intestine -> rectum

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6
Q

what are the accessory organs of the digestive system

A

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder

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7
Q

what is the enteric nervous system

A

in the wall of the alimentary canal and controls peristalsis; activity is upregulated by parasympathetic NS and downregulated by sympathetic NS

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8
Q

which hormones promote thrist

A

ADH and Aldosterone

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9
Q

which hormones promote satiety

A

Leptin and Cholecystokinin

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10
Q

which hormones promotes hunger

A

glucagon and Ghrelin

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11
Q

What is the first step in digestion

A

mastication (mechanical)/salivary amylase + lipase (chemical) forms a bolus which is swallowed

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12
Q

what is the esophagus

A

propels food to the stomach using peristalsis and enters the stomach through the lower esophageal sphincter

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13
Q

what are the four parts of the stomach

A

fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus

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14
Q

what are the mucus cells of the stomach

A

produce bicarbonate rich mucus to protect stomach lining

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15
Q

what are the chief cells of the stomach

A

secrete pepsinogen, a protease activated by the acidic environment of the stomach

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16
Q

what are the parietal cells of the stomach

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor which is used for B12 absorption

17
Q

what are G cells of the stomach

A

secrete gastrin, a peptide hormone that increases HCl secretion and gastric motility

18
Q

What is the second step of digestion

A

Further mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach which produces chyme; passes into the duodenum through the pyloric sphincter

19
Q

what is the duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine + chemical ingestion

20
Q

what is Disaccharidases in the duodenum

A

brush border enzymes that break down maltose, isomaltose, lactose, and sucrose into monosaccarides

21
Q

what are peptidases in the duodenum

A

aminopeptidase and dipeptidase

22
Q

what is enteropeptidase in duodenum

A

activates trypsinogen and procarboxypeptidases initializing an activation cascade

23
Q

what is secretin in duodenum

A

stimulates the release of pancreatic juices into the digestive tract and slows motility

24
Q

what is cholecytokinin in the duodenum

A

stimulate bile release from the gall bladder, release of pancreatic juices, and satiety

25
Q

How is the pancreas related to the digestive system

A

acinar cells produce pancreatic juices that contain bicarbonate, pancreatic amylase, pancreatic peptidases, and pancreatic lipase

26
Q

how is the liver related to the digestive system

A

synthesizes bile which can be stored in the gall bladder or secreted into the duodenum directly; processes nutrients, produces urea, detoxication, activation/inactivation of medication, synthesizes albumin and clotting factors

27
Q

what is the function of bile

A

bile emulsifies fats making them soluble and increasing their surface area

28
Q

what is bile made of

A

biles salts, pigments, and cholesterol

29
Q

what is the function of the gall bladder

A

stores and concentrates bile

30
Q

what is the jejunum and ileum

A

part of small intestine are primarily involved in absorption

31
Q

how is surface area in the small intestine increased

A

lined with villi which are covered with microvilli

32
Q

How is absorption conducted in the small intestine

A

1) water soluble compounds (monosaccarides, amino acids, small fatty acids, water) enter capillary bed
2) fat soluble compounds (fats, cholesterol, and fat soluble vitamins) enter the lacteal
*lacteal is a vessel of the lymphatic system

33
Q

what is the function of the large intestine

A

absorbs water and salts forming semisolid feces

34
Q

what is the cecum

A

outpocketing of large intestine that accepts fluid from the small intestine through the ileocecal valve and is the site of attachment of the appendix

35
Q

what is the colon

A

divided into ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid portions

36
Q

what is the rectum

A

stores feces which is excreted through the anus

MCAT Biology (11 decks)

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