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MCAT Biology > Biology: Chapter 5: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 5: Endocrine System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Peptide Hormones

A

Composed of Amino Acids and are derived from larger precursor proteins that are cleaved during post-translational modification

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2
Q

How do peptide hormones travel through the blood stream and bind to their respective receptors

A

Peptide Hormones are water soluble so they travel freely through the blood stream but cannot pass through lipid membrane and bind to receptors extracellularly

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3
Q

What happens when a peptide hormone binds to their receptor

A

They trigger transmission of a secondary messenger which causes a signaling cascade to amplify the signal

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4
Q

What is the onset and duration of peptide hormones

A

Rapid Onset and Short Duration

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5
Q

What are Steroid Hormones made from

A

Derived from cholesterol

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6
Q

How to Steroid Hormones travel through the blood stream and bind to their respective receptor

A

Steroid hormones are not water soluble and therefore require a carrier through the bloodstream; They can pass through the lipid membrane and bind intracellularly

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7
Q

What is the mechanism of action of steroid hormones

A

Once bound they cause a conformational change in the receptor; the hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA which alters transcription

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8
Q

What is the onset and duration of Steroid Hormones

A

Slow onset and long duration

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9
Q

What are amino-acid derivative hormones

A

Modified Amino Acids

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10
Q

What are common examples of amino acid derivative hormones

A

norepinephrine; epinephrine; triiodothyronine; thyroxine

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11
Q

What are direct hormones

A

major effects on non-endocrine tissue

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12
Q

What are tropic hormones

A

major effects on other endocrine tissue

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13
Q

What is the hypothalamus

A

Bridge between nervous and endocrine system; stimulates the anterior pituitary gland through paracrine release of hormones into the hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

How are hormones regulated from the hypothalamus

A

Projections from other parts of the brain
Chemo- and Baro- receptors in blood vessels
Negative Feedback

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15
Q

What is Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone

A

promotes the release of FSH and LH

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16
Q

What is Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone

A

promotes release of Growth Hormone

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17
Q

What is thyroid releasing hormone

A

promotes release of Thyroid stimulating hormone

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18
Q

what is corticotropin releasing hormone

A

promotes release of adrenocorticotropic hormone

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19
Q

what is prolactin Inhibiting factor (PIF/Dopamine)

A

Inhibits release of prolactin

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20
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release after synthesis in the hypothalamus

A

Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

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21
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus release

A

GnRH
GHRH
TRH
CRF
PIF

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22
Q

What hormones does the anterior pituitary gland release

A

FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
Endophorins
GH

23
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone do

A

promotes the development of the ovarian follicles in females and spermatogenesis in males

24
Q

What does luteinizing hormone do

A

promotes ovulation in females and testosterone in males

25
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone do

A

promotes the synthesis and release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex

26
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do

A

promotes the synthesis and release of triiodothyronine and thyroxine from the thyroid

27
Q

what does prolactin do

A

promotes milk production

28
Q

what does endorphins do

A

decrease perception of pain and produce euphoria

29
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

promotes growth of bone and muscle and shunts glucose to these tissues; raises blood glucose concentration

30
Q

what is antidiuretic hormone

A

secreted in response to low blood volume/increased blood osmolarity; increases the reabsorption of water in the collecting duct of the nephron, increasing blood volume and decreasing blood osmolarity

31
Q

what is oxytocin

A

secreted during childbirth and promotes uterine contractions; also promotes milk ejection; has a POSITIVE feedback loop

32
Q

What hormones does the thyroid release

A

T3; T4; Calcitonin

33
Q

What does triiodothyronine and thyroxine do

A

T3 and T4 are produced by follicular cells and contain iodine; they increase basal metabolic rate and alter utilization of glucose and fatty acids

34
Q

What is calcitonin

A

produced by parafolliuclar/C-cells of the thyroid; decreases plasma calcium concentration by promoting gut calcium excretion in the kidneys, decreases calcium absorption in the gut; promotes calcium storage in the gut

35
Q

What does the parathyroid gland release

A

parathyroid hormone

36
Q

what does parathyoid hormone do

A

1) decreases excretion of calcium by kidneys and increases bone release of Ca to increase blood Ca
2) Activates Vitamin D (necessary for Ca and phosphate absorption in the gut)
3) promotes release of phosphate from bone and reduces reabsorption of phosphate in the kidney

37
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex release

A

glucocorticoids; mineralocorticoids; cortical sex hormones

38
Q

what are glucocorticoids

A

cortisol and cortisone; increase blood glucose concentration, reduce protein synthesis, inhibit immune system, and participate in stress response

39
Q

what are mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone; promote sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct (increases water reabsorption); increases potassium and hydrogen ion excretion

40
Q

how are mineralocorticoids regulated

A

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

41
Q

what are cortical sex hormones

A

Androgens (testosterone) and estrogens

42
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release

A

catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)

43
Q

What do the catecholamines do

A

promote glycogenolysis, increase basal metabolic rate, increase heart rate, dilate bronchi, and alter blood flow

44
Q

what hormones do the pancreas release

A

glucagon, insulin, somatostatin

45
Q

what does glucagon do

A

produced by alpha cells; raises blood glucose by stimulating protein and fat degradation, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

46
Q

what does insulin so

A

produces by beta cells; lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake by cells and promoting anabolic processes like glycogen, fat, and protein synthesis

47
Q

what does somatostatin do

A

produced by delta cells; inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion

48
Q

what hormones do the gonads release

A

testosterone (testes) and Estrogens/progesterone (Ovaries)

49
Q

what does the pineal gland release

A

melatonin for circadian rhythms

50
Q

What does the stomach and intestines release

A

secretin, gastrin, and cholecystokinin

51
Q

what does the kidneys secrete

A

erythropoietin which stimulates bone marrow to produce erythrocytes in response to low oxygen levels in the blood

52
Q

What does the atria of the heart secrete

A

atrial natriuretic peptide which promotes excretion of salt and water in the kidneys in response to stretching of the atria (high blood volume)

53
Q

what does the thymus secrete

A

thymosin which is important for proper T cell development and differentiaion

MCAT Biology (11 decks)

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