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MCAT Biology > Biology: Chapter 2: Reproduction > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 2: Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Diploid vs Haploid

A

Diploid (2n) –> two copies of each chromosome
Haploid (n) –> one copy of each chromosome

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2
Q

What are the stages of the cell cycle

A

G1, S, G2 (Interphase) and M

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3
Q

what is the G1 phase

A

cells create organelles for energy and protein production + increase their size (normal cell function)

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4
Q

what is the restriction point

A

between G1 and S where DNA is checked for quality

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5
Q

what is S phase

A

DNA replication

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6
Q

what is G2 phase

A

further cell growth, organelles are copied, cell prepping for mitosis

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7
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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8
Q

what is cytokinesis

A

after telophase; division of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

what is p53

A

protein that plays major roles in checkpoints between G1/S and G2/M

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10
Q

How are cyclins and CDK related to the cell cycle

A

Cyclins bind to CDKs which then phosphorylates/activates transcription factors

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11
Q

what is cancer

A

uninhibited division of damaged cells without regard to quality or quantity

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12
Q

Cell cycle of somatic vs gametes

A

somatic –> mitosis
gametes –> meiosis

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13
Q

What is prophase

A

chromosomes condense, the nuclear envelope dissolves, centrioles migrate to opposite sides and the spindle apparatus forms; kinetochore of each chromosome is contacted by a spindle fiber

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14
Q

what is metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along metaphase plate

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15
Q

what is anaphase

A

sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sites of cell

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16
Q

what is telophase

A

nuclear membrane reforms, spindle apparatus. disappears

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17
Q

what are the stages of meiosis

A

meiosis I –> prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I
Meiosis II –>. prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II

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18
Q

what are the two rounds of division in meiosis

A

reductional division and equational divison

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19
Q

what is prophase I

A

same as prophase except homologues come together and intertwine during synapsis; crossing over exchanges genetic material (Mendels second law)

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20
Q

what are homologues

A

chromosomes given same number but opposite parental origins (NOT IDENTICAL); form a tetrad

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21
Q

what is metaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes line up on opposite sites of metaphase plate

22
Q

what is anaphase I

A

homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles (Mendels first law of segregation)

23
Q

what is telophase I

A

chromosomes may or may not decondense; and cell may enter interkinesis after cytokinesis

24
Q

what is meiosis II

A

functionally similar to stages of mitosis

25
Q

what is hemizygous

A

males are XY meaning they will express sex linked diseases more frequently

26
Q

what is important about the Y chromosome

A

carries the SRY (sex determining region Y) which causes the release of androgen so the gonads develop into testes

27
Q

where does sperm develop

A

in the seminiferous tubules in the testes

28
Q

what are sertoli cells

A

located in the seminiferous tubules that nourish sperm cells

29
Q

what are the interstitial cells of leydig

A

located in the testes; secrete testosterone and other sex hormones

30
Q

where are the testes located

A

scrotum

31
Q

what is the epididymis

A

located on top of testes; store sperm until ejaculation; where sperm gain motility

32
Q

what is the path of ejaculation (SEVE(N) UP)

A

S –> Seminiferous tubules
E –> Epididymis
V –> Vas Deferens
E –> Ejaculatory duct
U –> Urethra
P –> Penis

33
Q

what are the seminal vesicles

A

contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid

34
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland

A

produces alkaline fluid

35
Q

what is the bulbourethral glands

A

produce pre-ejaculation that cleans out remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal

36
Q

what is the stages of development of a mature sperm cell (spermatogenesis)

A

spermatogonium –> Primary spermatocyte –> secondary spermatocyte –> spermatid –> spermatozoa

37
Q

what is the structure of a sperm cell

A

head –> acrosome (modified golgi with enzymes to penetrate the ovum)
midpiece –> generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondira
Flagellum

38
Q

where are OVA produced

A

follicles and ovaries

39
Q

what is oogenesis

A

one haploid ovum and variable number of polar bodies are formed from oogonium

40
Q

what is a primary oocyte

A

undergone replication and arrested in prophase I

41
Q

what is a secondary oocyte

A

ovulated egg which is arrested in metaphase II

42
Q

what happens when oocyte is fertilized

A

completed meiosis II and becomes and ovum

43
Q

what is the structure of an oocyte

A

oocytes are surrounded by zona pellucida and the corona radiata

44
Q

what is gonadotropin releasing hormone

A

released from the hypothalamus and causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

45
Q

what does FSH and LH do in males

A

stimulates the sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis while LH causes interstitial cells to release testosterone

46
Q

what does FSH and LH do in females

A

FSH stimulates development of ovarian follicles while LH causes ovulation; also stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone

47
Q

what is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle

A

GnRH secretion causes FSH and LH secretion which promotes follicle development; Estrogen is released stimulation vasculatization and glandularization of the decidua

48
Q

what is ovulation

A

stimulated by surge of LH which is triggered by estrogen levels reaching a threshold in the follicular phase causing a positive feedback loop

49
Q

what is the luteal phase

A

LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the corpus luteum which secrete progesterone that maintains the uterine lining; High estrogen and progesterone levels cause negative feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH

50
Q

what is menstration

A

occurs with no fertilization; estrogen and progesterone levels drop and block on GnRH production is removed

51
Q

what happens during menstrual cycle if fertilization happens

A

the blastula produces human chorionic gonadtropin (hCG) which maintains corpus luteum; near end of first trimester hCG levels drop as the placenta takes over progesterone production

52
Q

what happens during menopause

A

ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone; menstruation stops and FSH and LH levels rise

MCAT Biology (11 decks)

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