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MCAT Biology > Biology: Chapter 10: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 10: Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the excretory system

A

regulation of blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid-base balance, and removal of nitrogenous wastes

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2
Q

What is the pathway of the excretory system

A

kidney -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> bladder -> urethra

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3
Q

what is the structure of the kidney

A

cortex –> outer layer
medulla –> inner layer
hilum –> renal artery, renal vein, and ureter

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4
Q

what is the renal portal system

A

1 ) blood from the renal artery flows into the afferent arterioles into the glomerulus
2) Blood flows from the glomerulus into the efferent arteriole to the vasa recta then the renal vein

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5
Q

what is the dutrusor muscle

A

muscular lining of the bladder under parasympathetic control; contains the internal sphincter muscle (smooth muscle) and the external sphincter muscle (skeletal muscle)

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6
Q

what are the three processes of the kidney

A

filtration, secretion, reabsorption

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7
Q

what is filtration

A

movement of solutes from the blood to the filtrate at the Bowman’s capsule; movement determined by starling forces (hydrostatic and oncotic pressure)

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8
Q

what is secretion

A

movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere other than the bowman capsule (PCT/DCT)

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9
Q

what is reabsorption

A

movement of solutes from filtrate to the blood

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10
Q

what is the Proximal convoluted tubule

A

site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt, and water; site of secretion for hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea

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11
Q

what is the descending limb of the loop of henle

A

permeable to water but not salt causing reabsorption of water as limb descends into more osmotically concentrated medulla

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12
Q

what is the counter current multiplier system

A

vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions that allows for maximal reabsorption of water

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13
Q

what is the ascending limb of the loop of henle

A

permeable to salt but not water leading to passive and active salt reabsorption; filtrate becomes hypertonic compared to the blood

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14
Q

what is the distal convoluted tubule

A

responsive to aldosterone and is site of salt reabsorption and waste production

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15
Q

what is the collecting duct

A

responsive to both aldosterone and ADH for variable permeability allowing for the right absorption of water depending on the body’s needs

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16
Q

what is aldosterone

A

steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system for increased sodium reabsorption = water retension

17
Q

what is ADH

A

peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and released in the posterior pituitary; increases permeability of collecting duct = water retention

18
Q

how does the kidney regulate pH

A

selective reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate/hydrogen ions

19
Q

what are the skin layers

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

20
Q

what is the epidermis

A

composed of five layers: Stratum basale, Stratum spinosum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum corneum

21
Q

what is special about stratum basale

A

contains stem cells that proliferate to form keratinocytes

22
Q

what are melanocytes

A

produce melanin which protects the skin from DNA damage caused by UV radiation

23
Q

what are langerhan cells

A

special macrophages that serve as antigen presenting cells in the skin

24
Q

what are the layers in the dermis

A

papillary layer and the reticular layer

25
Q

where are sensory nerves located

A

dermis

26
Q

what are merkel cells

A

deep pressure and texture

27
Q

what are meissner corpuscles

A

light touch

28
Q

what are ruffini endings

A

stretch

29
Q

what are pacinian corpuscles

A

deep pressure and vibration

30
Q

what are free nerve endings

A

pain

31
Q

what is the hypodermis

A

contains fat and connective tissue and connects the skin to the rest of the body

32
Q

what are the cooling mechanisms of the skin

A

sweating to draw heat from the body through evaporation of water from sweat and vasodilation

33
Q

what are the warming mechanisms of the skin

A

piloerection where arrector pili muscles contract causing hairs to stand on end to trap a warm layer of air around the skin; vasoconstriction; shivering; and insulation provided by fat

MCAT Biology (11 decks)

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