Biology: Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards
What are the two systems of the heart
pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
what is each side of the heart made up of
atria and ventricle
what separates the right atrium from the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
what separates the left atrium from the left ventricle
bicuspid valve/mitral valve
what separates the right ventricles from the pulmonary artery
pulmonary valve
what separates the left ventricle from the aorta
aortic valve
what is the path of blood
right atrium -tricuspid -> right ventricle -pulmonary–> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium -mitral–> left ventricle -aortic–> aorta —>arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> vena cavae –> right atrium
why does the left side of the heart have more muscle
the left side pumps blood throughout entire body
what is the path of electrical conduction in the heart
Sinoatrial node –> atrioventricular node –> Bundle of HIS –> purkinje fibers
what is systole
period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed
what is diastole
the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed
what are the semilunar valves
separate ventricles from vascalature
what is the cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
what role does the autonomic system play in heart rate
sympathetic –> increases heart rate
parasympathetic –> decreases heart rate
what are arteries
thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality which allows for recoil and helps propel blood forward; small muscular arteries are arterioles which control flow into capillaries
what are capillaries
have walls one cell thick; red blood cells travel in single file; site of gas and solute exchange
what are veins
inelastic, thin structures that transport blood to the heart; stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood; compressed by skeletal muscle and have valve to maintain one way flow; small veins are venules
what is the hepatic portal system
blood travels through the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
what is the hypophyseal portal system
blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary
what is the renal portal system
blood travels from the glomerculus to the vasa recta through efferent ateriole
what is blood composed of
cells and plasma
what is plasma
an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins
what are erythrocytes
red blood cells; lack a mitochondira, nucleus, and organelles for hemoglobin
what is hematocrit
percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes
what are leukocytes
white blood cells formed from bone marrow; part of the immune system
what are granular leukocytes
esinophils, basophils, neutrophils; role in nonspecific immunity
what are agranular leukocytes
lymphocytes and monocytes
what are thrombocytes (platelets)
cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation
what are the blood antigens
A,B,O, Rh factor
what is blood pressure
force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood; systolic/diastolic
why is maintains blood pressure important
must be high enough to overcome resistance of arteries and capillaries but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature
how is blood pressure measured
sphygmomanometer
how does the body maintain blood pressure
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
what happens when blood pressure is low
promotes release of aldosterone and Anti diuretic hormone
what happens when blood pressure is high
promotes release of atrial natriuretic peptide
where/how does gas and solute exchange occur
capillaries + concentration gradients; hydrostatic pressure forces fluids out at the arteriolar end while oncotic pressure draws in back in at venule end
what are starling forces
hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure
what is hydrostatic pressure
pressure of fluid within the blood vessel
what is osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure
“sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes/ osmotic pressure due to proteins
what is cooperative binding
Lungs –> high parial pressure of O2 resulting in high affinity of hemoglobin for O2
tissues –> low partial pressure of O2 resulting in low affinity of hemoglobin for O2
* Each oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity/each released decreases affinity
how is CO2 carried in the blood
form of carbonic acid/bicarbonate and H ions because CO2 is nonpolar/not soluble and carbonic acid/bicarbonate is polar and highly soluble
What causes a decreased affinity for oxygen (rightwar shift)
high PaCO2 (partial CO2 pressure), High [H], low pH, High Temperature, High [2,3-BPG]
How is coagulation caused
When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells is exposed; this results coagulation cascade forming a clot over the damaged area
How do platelets form a clot
platelets bind to collagen and are stabilized by fibrin which is activated by thrombin
how are clots broken down
plasmin
