Biology: Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the two systems of the heart

Answer 1

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Question 2

what is each side of the heart made up of

Answer 2

atria and ventricle

Question 3

what separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

Answer 3

tricuspid valve

Question 4

what separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

Answer 4

bicuspid valve/mitral valve

Question 5

what separates the right ventricles from the pulmonary artery

Answer 5

pulmonary valve

Question 6

what separates the left ventricle from the aorta

Answer 6

aortic valve

Question 7

what is the path of blood

Answer 7

right atrium -tricuspid -> right ventricle -pulmonary–> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium -mitral–> left ventricle -aortic–> aorta —>arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> vena cavae –> right atrium

Question 8

why does the left side of the heart have more muscle

Answer 8

the left side pumps blood throughout entire body

Question 9

what is the path of electrical conduction in the heart

Answer 9

Sinoatrial node –> atrioventricular node –> Bundle of HIS –> purkinje fibers

Question 10

what is systole

Answer 10

period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed

Question 11

what is diastole

Answer 11

the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed

Question 12

what are the semilunar valves

Answer 12

separate ventricles from vascalature

Question 13

what is the cardiac output

Answer 13

heart rate x stroke volume

Question 14

what role does the autonomic system play in heart rate

Answer 14

sympathetic –> increases heart rate
parasympathetic –> decreases heart rate

Question 15

what are arteries

Answer 15

thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality which allows for recoil and helps propel blood forward; small muscular arteries are arterioles which control flow into capillaries

Question 16

what are capillaries

Answer 16

have walls one cell thick; red blood cells travel in single file; site of gas and solute exchange

Question 17

what are veins

Answer 17

inelastic, thin structures that transport blood to the heart; stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood; compressed by skeletal muscle and have valve to maintain one way flow; small veins are venules

Question 18

what is the hepatic portal system

Answer 18

blood travels through the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein

Question 19

what is the hypophyseal portal system

Answer 19

blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

Question 20

what is the renal portal system

Answer 20

blood travels from the glomerculus to the vasa recta through efferent ateriole

Question 21

what is blood composed of

Answer 21

cells and plasma

Question 22

what is plasma

Answer 22

an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

Question 23

what are erythrocytes

Answer 23

red blood cells; lack a mitochondira, nucleus, and organelles for hemoglobin

Question 24

what is hematocrit

Answer 24

percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

Question 25

what are leukocytes

Answer 25

white blood cells formed from bone marrow; part of the immune system

Question 26

what are granular leukocytes

Answer 26

esinophils, basophils, neutrophils; role in nonspecific immunity

Question 27

what are agranular leukocytes

Answer 27

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 28

what are thrombocytes (platelets)

Answer 28

cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

Question 29

what are the blood antigens

Answer 29

A,B,O, Rh factor

Question 30

what is blood pressure

Answer 30

force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood; systolic/diastolic

Question 31

why is maintains blood pressure important

Answer 31

must be high enough to overcome resistance of arteries and capillaries but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature

Question 32

how is blood pressure measured

Answer 32

sphygmomanometer

Question 33

how does the body maintain blood pressure

Answer 33

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

Question 34

what happens when blood pressure is low

Answer 34

promotes release of aldosterone and Anti diuretic hormone

Question 35

what happens when blood pressure is high

Answer 35

promotes release of atrial natriuretic peptide

Question 36

where/how does gas and solute exchange occur

Answer 36

capillaries + concentration gradients; hydrostatic pressure forces fluids out at the arteriolar end while oncotic pressure draws in back in at venule end

Question 37

what are starling forces

Answer 37

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

Question 38

what is hydrostatic pressure

Answer 38

pressure of fluid within the blood vessel

Question 39

what is osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure

Answer 39

"sucking" pressure drawing water toward solutes/ osmotic pressure due to proteins

Question 40

what is cooperative binding

Answer 40

Lungs --> high parial pressure of O2 resulting in high affinity of hemoglobin for O2 tissues --> low partial pressure of O2 resulting in low affinity of hemoglobin for O2 * Each oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity/each released decreases affinity

Question 41

how is CO2 carried in the blood

Answer 41

form of carbonic acid/bicarbonate and H ions because CO2 is nonpolar/not soluble and carbonic acid/bicarbonate is polar and highly soluble

Question 42

What causes a decreased affinity for oxygen (rightwar shift)

Answer 42

high PaCO2 (partial CO2 pressure), High [H], low pH, High Temperature, High [2,3-BPG]

Question 43

How is coagulation caused

Answer 43

When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells is exposed; this results coagulation cascade forming a clot over the damaged area

Question 44

How do platelets form a clot

Answer 44

platelets bind to collagen and are stabilized by fibrin which is activated by thrombin

Question 45

how are clots broken down

Answer 45

plasmin