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Single Award Science > Biology Chapter 7 Disease > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 7 Disease Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a communicable disease

A

A disease that can be passed from one organism to another

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2
Q

What microbes can cause disease

A

bacteria
virus
fungi

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3
Q

Name 2 bacterial diseases
state how they can be spread
How can they be treated

A

Salmonella - undercooked meat (chicken)
Prevent - cook meat thoroughly

Tuberculosis - droplets in air
Treat - antibiotics

Chlamydia - sexual contact
Treat - antibiotics

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4
Q

Name 2 viral diseases
How spread
How prevent/treat

A

HPV - sexual contact
Prevent - vaccination

HIV - sexual contact/blood mixing eg blood transfusion or sharing needles
Treat - drugs to control

Flu and Cold
- droplets in air
Flu vaccine

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5
Q

Name 2 fungal diseases
How spread
how treat

A

Athletes food - skin contact
treat - antifungal cream

Potato blight - spread through air
Treat - spray plants with fungicide

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6
Q

How does the body defend against infection

A

Skin acts as barrier
Form blood clots and scab at sight of a cut
Mucous membranes (eg in throat) trap microbes

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7
Q

What are the 2 different types of white blood cells

A

Phagocytes
lymphocytes

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8
Q

What is found on the surface of cell membrane that the white blood cells recognize as being foreign

A

Antigens

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9
Q

How do white blood cells destroy microbes

A

Lymphocytes produce ANTIBODIES that have a shape complementary to antigen on microbe
Antibodies cause the microbes to clump together
This allows the phagocytes to engulf and digest the microbes all clumped together
Memory lymphocytes stay in blood

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10
Q

What is the job of memory lymphcytes

A

If reinfected with same microbe memory lymphocytes will respond quickly and produce large numbers of antibodies so microbe destroyed before getting symptoms of disease

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11
Q

If the levels of antibodies is high what is the person said to be

A

immune to the disease

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12
Q

What is the name given to the type of immunity you get from having had an infection

A

Active immunity

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13
Q

What is a vaccine

A

Dead or inactive form of the microbe - will stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies (lymphocytes) and make you immune

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14
Q

What is meant by passive immunity

A

When a person is ill and is given a large amount of antibodies in hospital - levels of antibodies is high but drops quickly as the body has no memory lymphocytes.. They do not have long term immunity to the disease

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15
Q

Why would a person be given a booster vaccine

A

If the levels of antibodies drop below immunity level the booster will cause the body to produce antibodies to a high level and person becomes immune

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16
Q

What is an antibiotic

A

A chemical produced by fungus to kill bacteria

17
Q

name an antibiotic

A

Penicillin

18
Q

Who discovered penicillin

A

Fleming

19
Q

Who developed penicillin

A

Florey and Chain

20
Q

Higher tier
What are the problems with overuse of antibiotics

A

Some bacteria mutate and develop resistance to antibiotic
If they develop resistance to many antibiotics they become superbugs e.g MRSA and few antibiotics able to destroy them

21
Q

What are superbugs a problem in hospitals

A

People in hospitals have low immunity levels already
May have open cuts so microbes can enter them
Can spread from patient to patient easily

22
Q

How can hospitals try and prevent MRSA spreading

A

Good hygiene
isolate patients with MRSA
not overuse antibiotics

23
Q

How are drugs developed

A
  1. In vitro testing - on cells/tissue to see if cause harm
  2. Animal testing - to see if any side effects (ethical issues with this)
  3. Clinical trials - on healthy volunteers to see if any side effects
    Then on patients to work out if it works and get the correct dose to give patients
    4 License the drug for distribution to all
24
Q

What is a recreational drug

A

alcohol or cigarettes
drug taken for non medical reasons

25
Q

Alcohol can damage what organ

A

Liver

26
Q

How can alcohol affect a foetus in a pregnant woman

A

affect development of foetus

27
Q

What is binge drinking

A

Drinking large amounts of alcohol in one go

28
Q

What can a person do to try and prevent liver damage/over drinking

A

Have a few nights a week not drinking
Drinking low alcohol or non alcohol drinks

29
Q

What are the 3 main ingredients of a cigarette

A

tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide

30
Q

How does tar damage a person

A

can cause bronchitis, emphysema or lung cancer

31
Q

How does carbon monoxide affect a person

A

it binds to red blood cells and reduces the amount of oxygen a person can carry in blood

32
Q

what is nicotine

A

the addictive drug in cigarettes
will affect/increase heart rate

Single Award Science (8 decks)

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