Biology Chapter 7 Flashcards
“self feeder”; the organisms harvest the energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
Autotrophs
“fed by others” ; live on chemical energy produced by autotrophs or from others
heterotrophs
The chemical energy in food comes from the __ , ___, and __ contained in the food. These molecules are rich in energy laden chemical bonds
carbohydrates, proteins, fats
enzymes breakdown large molecules into small molecules
digestion
breaking down chemical bonds to harvest the energy
catabolism
the energy in a chemical bond comes from the electrons in the covalent bonds; cells produce energy ATP by putting these electrons to work
cellular respiration
If oxygen accepts the hydrogen (the electron is on the hydrogen) it is called ____
aerobic respiration
If an inorganic molecule other than oxygen accepts the hydrogen it is called ____
anaerobic respiration
if an organic molecule accepts the hydrogen it is called
fermentation
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
The bond between the 2nd and 3rd ___ contains lots of energy
phosphate
Name this type of reaction:
ATP –> ADP + PO4
exergonic reaction
Name this type of reaction:
ADP + PO4 –> ATP
endergonic reactions
What does NAD stand for and what is the function? What two forms does it come in?
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; used to transport electrons and hydrogen ions around the cell; oxidized form NAD+ and reduced form NADH
aerobic respiration takes place in the ____
mitochondria
Name this type of respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 –> 6 CO2 +6 H2O + energy (heat or ATP)
aerobic
List where each stage occurs in a cell:
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport chain
- cytoplasm
- mitochondria
- mitochondria
- mitochondria
What does each stage end with?
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation
- Krebs cycle
- Electron Transport chain
- 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH
- 1 acetyl-CoA and 1 NADH
- 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 (for each acetyl-CoA)
- mucho ATP
loss of electrons
oxidation
lost electrons are accompanied by protons
dehydrogenation
all organisms use ____ to extract energy from organic molecules
cellular respiration
During ___ reactions, electrons carry energy from one molecule to another.
Redox
___ is an electron carrier in cellular respiration
NAD+
Cells use ATP to drive ___ reactions
endergonic
for further derivation of energy, aerobic cells must convert pyruvate into acetulCoA by stripping off a CO2 molecule in a process called
decarboxylation
a phosphate group is transferred directly a ADP via phosphate group bearing intermediate molecule
phosphorylation
__ is when ATP is formed as electrons are harvested, transferred, and bound to oxygen, forming a proton gradient that powers ATPase enzyme
chemeosmosis
