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Biology 101 > Biology Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Has a C-H core to which specific molecular groups attach; polar; different electronegativities; ex) -OH hydroxyl group

A

functional group

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2
Q

the framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonds to __ . they can form up to __ covalent bonds.

A

C, O, N, S, P or H; 4

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3
Q

molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbon

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4
Q

hydrocarbons are (non polar/polar) and make good fuels.

A

non polar

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5
Q

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different structures

A

isomer

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6
Q

isomer that are has differences in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton

A

structural isomer

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7
Q

isomer that has the same carbon skeleton but differs in how groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space

A

stereoisomers

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8
Q

is a subcategory of stereoisomer that mirrors the image of molecules

A

enantiomers

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9
Q

the actual molecule of a stereoisomer that has mirror image versions

A

chiral

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10
Q

a long molecule built by linking together a large number of small similar chemical subunits

A

polymer

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11
Q

small, similar chemical subunits that make up a polymer

A

monomer

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12
Q

Polymer chains built via chemical reactions through ___ and are broken down by ___

A

dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis reaction

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13
Q

formation of large molecules by the removal of water; monomers join to form polymers

A

dehydration synthesis

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14
Q

breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water; polymers are broken down to monomers

A

hydrolysis

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15
Q

has a ration of 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

A

carbohydrates

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16
Q

What is the empirical formula for a carbohydrate?

A

(CH2O)n with n= number of carbon atoms

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17
Q

Why are carbohydrates good energy storage molecules?

A

because the C-H covalent bonds hold a lot of energy

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18
Q

is the simplest carbohydrate; 6 carbon sugars play important roles

A

monosaccharides

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19
Q

Fructose is a __ of glucose.

A

structural isomer

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20
Q

Galactose is a __ of glucose

A

stereoisomer

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21
Q

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis; used for sugar transport or energy storage

A

disaccharide

22
Q

most plants use this to transport glucose & is sugar that most humans and animals eat; it is made by the combination of glucose and fructose

23
Q

the combination of glucose and galactose

24
Q

long chains of monosaccharides; linked through dehydration synthesis

A

polysaccharide

25
Q

In regards to energy storage of polysaccharides, plants use __ and animals use __

A

starch; glycogen

26
Q

In regards to structural support of polysaccharides, plants use __ and arthropods and fungi use __

A

cellulose; chitin

27
Q

storage polysaccharide for plants; alpha glucose molecules linked in long chains

28
Q

structural polysaccharide; beta glucose molecules linked in long chains; cannot be broken down readily by most creatures therefore it works best as biologically structural material

29
Q

structural material found in arthropods and many fungi; principal structural element in the external skeletons of many invertebrates

30
Q

Nucleic acids are (polymers/monomers) while nucleotides are (polymers/monomers)

A

polymers; monomers

31
Q

Describe the atomic make up of a nucleotide.

A

5 carbon sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

32
Q

Sugar is ___ in DNA and ___ RNA

A

deoxyribose; ribose

33
Q

What are the 2 nitrogenous bases for nucleotides?

A

Purines & Pyrimidines

34
Q

2 purines that are large double ringed molecules

A

adenine and guanine

35
Q

3 pyrimidines that are small single ringed molecules

A

thymine, cytosine, uracil

36
Q

Nucleotides are connected by __ bonds.

A

phosphodiester

37
Q

a type of nucleic acid that encodes genetic info used to assemble proteins

38
Q

DNA stands for __

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

39
Q

Describe the double helix in DNA.

A

it consist of 2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

40
Q

What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

A
  1. Adenine can only pair with Thymine

2. Cytosine can only pair with Guanine

41
Q

What are some differences between DNA & RNA?

A
  1. RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose.

2. Contains uracil instead of thymine, which pairs adenine

42
Q

What does ATP stand for and what is its function?

A

adenosine triphosphate; it is the primary energy currency of the cell

43
Q

What is the purpose of NAD+ and FAD+?

A

these serve as electron carriers for many cellular reactions in nucleotides

44
Q

List 4 common functional groups.

A
  1. Hydroxyl group, -OH
  2. Carbonyl group, -C=O
  3. Carboxyl group, -COOH
  4. Phosphate group, -PO4
45
Q

List 6 functions of proteins.

A
  1. enzyme catalysis
  2. defense
  3. transport
  4. support
  5. motion
  6. regulation
46
Q

All amino acids have an __ group, a ___ group, and a __ group.

A

amine, carboxyl, side R

47
Q

List the 5 chemical properties of amino acids.

A
  1. Non polar amino acids, which are hydrophobic
  2. polar uncharged amino acids, which are hydrophilic
  3. ionizable amino acids, contains acids or bases; are hydrophilic
  4. aromatic amino acids containing benzene ring
  5. special amino acids- methionine, proline, cysteine
48
Q

amino acid that causes kinks in protein chains

49
Q

amino acid that bonds with itself to bend protein

50
Q

Amino acids are bonded together by __

A

peptide bonds

51
Q

amino acids are joined by peptide bonds into long chains called __

A

polypeptides

52
Q

Protein function depends on __

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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