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Biology 101 > Biology Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

the membranes that encase all living things are made of ___.

A

lipids

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2
Q

The lipid found in membranes is a ___

A

phospholipid

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3
Q

What is the phospholipid membrane made of?

A
  1. Glycerol (a 3 carbon polyalcohol)
  2. 2 fatty acid chains (non polar hydrophobic)
  3. phosphate group (polar hydrophilic)
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4
Q

What happens when you put phospholipids in water? Describe the process.

A

they form a lipid bilayer - the bilayer is formed by hydrophobic exclusion, the non polar tails align and face inwards while the polar heads align and face outwards

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5
Q

The lipid bilayer is fluid/not fluid.

A

fluid

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6
Q

The lipid bilayer is held together by ___ from the water.

A

hydrogen bonding

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7
Q

Describe why the lipid bilayer is fluid.

A

The hydrogen bonds in water keep the lipid bilayer in place, but does not keep the phospholipid molecules in place. Therefore the phospholipid molecules are free to move around in the bilayer.

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8
Q

What part of the lipid bilayer determines the fluidity of the membrane? What makes a membrane more or less fluid?

A

the fatty acid chains determine the fluidity of the membrane; the more double bounds the chains have the more fluid as opposed to the the chains without double bonds

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9
Q

Which makes membranes less fluid, saturated fatty acids or unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids

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10
Q

What prevents double bonds from packing tightly?

A

kinks

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11
Q

___ can increase or decrease membrane fluidity, depending on temperature. An example is cholesterol.

A

sterol

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12
Q

The warmer the temperature, the more/less fluid the membrane is.

A

more

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13
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model?

A

The model that lipid bilayer consists of proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane as opposed to on top of the bilayer which would crush the membrane. The proteins float on the plasma membrane like a boat on a pond.

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14
Q

What are the 4 components of a cell membrane?

A
  1. lipid bilayer
  2. transmembrane proteins
  3. supporting fiber
  4. exterior proteins and glycolipids
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15
Q

__are proteins that are inserted in the membrane; they have a huge variety of functions

A

transmembrane proteins

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16
Q

__ are fibers attached to transmembrane proteins, which help cell maintain its shape

A

supporting fibers

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17
Q

__ is a special molecule made in the ER made up of carbohydrates and lipids, used for cell recognition and other cell identity

A

glycocalyx

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18
Q

List the 6 kinds of transmembrane proteins.

A
  1. transporters
  2. enzymes
  3. receptors
  4. surface identity markers
  5. cell adhesion
  6. cytoskeleton attachment
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19
Q

these proteins are used to move molecules in and out of a cell

A

transporter transmembrane protein

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20
Q

What are 3 types of transporter proteins?

A

Channels, Carriers and pumps

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21
Q

these proteins allow certain molecules to diffuse into the cell

A

channels and carriers

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22
Q

these proteins are used for active transport when the cell needs to expend energy

A

pumps

23
Q

type of protein that many of the biochemical reactions are carried out by and are attached to the plasma membrane

A

enzyme

24
Q

these type of proteins are very sensitive to specific chemicals, once chemical attaches to this protein a series of chemical reactions are initiated in the cell

A

receptor

25
Q

type of protein used to identify molecules/cells; glycocalyx is attached

A

surface identity markers

26
Q

cells are able to attach to each others surface through this protein

A

adhesion protein

27
Q

this protein is the anchoring point for actin fibers of the cytoskeleton

A

attachment protein

28
Q

has 7 transmembrane domains forming a structure within the membrane through which protons pass during the light driven pumping of protons

A

bacteriorhodopsin

29
Q

the net movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to a lower concentration; no energy required

A

diffusion or passive transport

30
Q

What are two types of facilitated diffusion?

A

1 -the use of ion channels which allow hydrophilic ions to pass through the cell
2- the use of carriers which attach to the molecule and is passes through the plasma membrane

31
Q

net diffusion of water across a membrane toward a higher solute concentration

A

osmosis

32
Q

water needs a special channel protein called __ to diffuse in and out of the cell

A

aquaporins

33
Q

the concentration of all the solute in the water

A

osmotic concentration

34
Q

a solution w/a higher osmotic concentration (hypertonic)

A

hyperosmotic

35
Q

a solution w/a lower osmotic concentration (hypotonic)

A

hypoosmotic

36
Q

a solution with equal osmotic concentration

A

isosmotic

37
Q

cells in hyper osmotic solutions __ water, and cell sin hypo osmotic solutions __ water.

A

loose; gain

38
Q

the pressure that must be applied to stop the osmotic movement of water across a membrane

A

osmotic pressure

39
Q

Water should move into the cell via osmosis. The pressure of the water moving in is ___ and the pressure from the water in the cell is the ___

A

osmotic pressure; hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

The plasma membrane cannot tolerate high pressures, cells need to maintain ___ relative to the internal environment.

A

isosmotic conditions

41
Q

a method used to solve osmosis problems; used by single cell organisms through which the organisms are hyper osmotic and are constantly taking in water

A

extrusion

42
Q

often organisms that live in hyper osmotic environments can adjust by allowing their cells to maintain the same concentrations as the seawater

A

isosmotic solutions

43
Q

plant cells use this; the cells are hyper osmotic and take on lots of water and the plasma membrane is pressed against the cell wall

A

turgor

44
Q

is a process whereby the plasma membrane envelopes something and forms a vacuole; the movement of a substance into a cell

A

endocytosis

45
Q

What are the different types of endocytosis?

A

1- phagocytosis, taking in a particular matter
2- pinocytosis, taking in liquid
3- receptor mediated endocytosis, many receptors on plasma membrane fill w/molecules and eventually forms a vacuole and is brought into a cell

46
Q

used in plants to export cell wall material; molecules are ejected from the cell by fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane

A

exocytosis

47
Q

requires the cell to expend energy; the only way for a cell to transport a molecule against a diffusion gradient; moves a molecule from an area of low concentration to high concentration

A

active transport

48
Q

moves 1 molecule at a time in active transport

A

uniporter

49
Q

moves 2 molecules in the same direction

A

symporter

50
Q

moves 2 molecules in opposite directions

A

antiporters

51
Q

More than __ of the energy used by a cell is used to actively transport sodium out and potassium into the cell, which is done by the protein __

A

1/3; sodium-potasium pump

52
Q

is a pump that moves protons across a membrane and are powered by electrons

A

proton pump

53
Q

Proton pumps are critical for the manufacturing __

A

ATP

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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