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Biology 101 > Biology Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Biology Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Any substance in the universe that has mass and occupies space

A

Matter

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2
Q

Extremely small particles that make up matter

A

Atom

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3
Q

A positively charged subatomic particle, found in the nucleus of an atom; has a mass of 1 dalton

A

Proton

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4
Q

A subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, has no charge; has a mass of 1 dalton

A

Neutron

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5
Q

A negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits around the nucleus of an atom; the mass is 1/2000 of a dalton

A

Electron

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6
Q

What makes up the nucleus of an atom?

A

Proton and neutron

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7
Q

What orbits the nucleus of an atom?

A

electron

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8
Q

what measurement is used for the mass of an atom?

A

in daltons

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9
Q

How many daltons does it take to equal 1 gram>

A

6.02 x 10^23 daltons

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10
Q

the number of protons in an atom is called __

A

atomic number

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11
Q

the sum of neutrons and protons in an atom is called __

A

atomic mass

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12
Q

any substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by ordinary chemical means

A

element

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13
Q

atoms of the same element that have different number of neutrons

A

isotope

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14
Q

an isotope that is unstable and tends to break up into smaller elements, this decay releases a lot of energy

A

Radioactive isotope

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15
Q

the rate of decay for a radioactive substance is constant; this is the amount of time needed for 1/2 of the stating material to decay

A

Half-life

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16
Q

There are ___ naturally occurring elements

A

92

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17
Q

When an atom or molecule looses an electron

A

oxidation

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18
Q

when an atom or molecule gains an electron

A

reduction

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19
Q

How many electrons can be in an orbital?

A

2

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20
Q

What is an orbital?

A

the space that an electron occupies

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21
Q

True or False. Energy levels and orbitals are the same.

A

False

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22
Q

electrons in the outermost energy level are __

A

valence electrons

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23
Q

Describe the octet rule.

A

the rule that atoms tend to want to completely fill the outermost energy levels

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24
Q

True or False. For most of the atoms important to life, the outermost energy level can contain no more 8 electrons.

A

True

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25
Q

Elements possessing all 8 electrons in their outermost energy level is called __ or non reactive

A

inert

26
Q

List the noble gases.

A

helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon

27
Q

List the 5 most common elements found in the human body.

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium

28
Q

atoms where the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons; changing the number of electrons

A

ions

29
Q

an atom with more protons than electrons; has a net positive charge

A

cation

30
Q

an atom with more electrons; has a net negative charge

A

anion

31
Q

a stable association of atoms held together by energy

A

molecule

32
Q

a molecule containing more than one type of atom

A

compound molecule

33
Q

a bond between atoms resulting from attraction from oppositely charged atoms, or the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms

A

chemical bond

34
Q

a bond resulting from the attraction of oppositely charged ions

A

ionic bond

35
Q

a bond resulting from the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between 2 atoms

A

covalent bonds

36
Q

List the different factor that influence the extent of chemical reactions.

A

Temperature (increases rate), concentrations of reactants & products (more molecules=increase rate), catalyst (enzymes)

37
Q

are all proteins that are used in the human body in order for a chemical reaction to occur

A

enzyme

38
Q

is a measure of the affinity for electrons

A

electronegativity

39
Q

Atoms with ___ electronegativity want electrons around them, whereas atoms with ___ electronegativity do not want electrons around them.

A

high; low

40
Q

any molecule that has an uneven charge distribution across it

A

polar molecule

41
Q

any molecule that has an even charge distribution across it.

A

non polar molecule

42
Q

when water molecules stick to other water molecules

A

cohesion

43
Q

when water molecules stick to other non water molecules

A

adhesion

44
Q

Give an example of cohesion in water properties.

A

Surface tension- when you have an interface between air and water, all the hydrogen bonds in the water face downward making molecules stick together

45
Q

Give an example of adhesion in water properties.

A

Capillary action- the attraction of water to substances that have electrical charges on their surface is responsible`

46
Q

the amount of heat required to change one gram of substance one degree in water properties

A

specific heat

47
Q

the amount of heat required to change one gram of liquid to gas

A

heat of vaporization

48
Q

the evaporation of water from a surface releases lots of heat energy, which cools the surface

A

evaporative cooling

49
Q

Water is a strong ___ because of its polar nature.

A

solvent

50
Q

Either the hydrogen end or the oxygen end in a water molecule will surround any molecule that has any polarity or is ionic, which is called

A

hydration shell

51
Q

Property of water- any non polar molecules that are put into water are going to be excluded by the water. This action forces the non polar molecules together.

A

hydrophobic exclusion

52
Q

water fearing; does not mix with water; non polar molecules

A

hydrophobic

53
Q

water loving; mixes with water; polar molecules

A

hydrophilic

54
Q

weight in grams of the sum of atomic masses

A

mole

55
Q

concentration of H+ in water is called

A

molar concentration

56
Q

a change in the pH value is a __fold change in concentration

A

10

57
Q

a pH of 7 is __

A

neutral

58
Q

any substance that dissociates in water to increase the H+

A

acid

59
Q

any substance that combines with H+ to reduce the H+ in water

A

base

60
Q

Acids increase the ___, meaning the molar concentration is __ to the solution, this causes a drop in the __.

A

H+, higher, pH

61
Q

a substance that acts as a reservoir for hydrogen ions; prevents changes in pH

A

buffers

Biology 101 (7 decks)

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