Biology: Chapter 1 Flashcards
7 characteristics of living organisms
Growth, Movement, Sensitivity, Respiration, Nutrition, Reproduction, Excretion
Definition for Growth
A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number or cell size or both
Definition of Movement
An action by an organism causing a change of position or place
Definition of Sensitivity
The ability to detect or sense stimuli and respond to changes in the environment
Definition of Respiration
The chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy
Definition of Nutrition
Taking in nutrients for energy, growth and development
Definition of Reproduction
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism
Definition of Excretion
Removal from organism of toxic materials and substances in excess of requirements
4 forms of classification of organisms
- morphology
- DNA similarities
- anatomy
- ability to produce fertile offspring
Definition of Species
A group of organisms that can reproduce to produce fertile offspring
8 levels of classifications of organisms
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Acronym of levels of classification
Do Kings Play Chess On Fine Grain Sand?
5 Kingdoms of Living Organisms
Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctist, Prokaryote
Characteristics of Animal Kingdom
- cell have nucleus
- no cell wall
- no chloroplast
- feed on organic substances made by other living organisms
Characteristics of Plant Kingdom
- cells have nucleus
- contain cell walls (made of cellulose)
- contains chloroplasts
- feed by photosynthesis
- may have roots, stems, flowers and leaves (not all)
Characteristics of Fungi Kingdom
- cells have nuclei
- contains cell wall
- no chlorophyll
- feed by digesting waste organic materials (saprophyte or parasite)
- usually multicellcular (except yeast)
- decomposers
- made of microscopic threads (hyphae)
Definition of Decomposers
Organisms that break down organic substances outside their bodies, releasing nutrients from them that other organisms can use
Definition of Spores
Very small groups of cells surrounded by a protective wall, used in reproduction
Difference between multicellular and unicellular
made of many cells; made of a single cell
Uses of Fungi
- food
- make bread & beer (yeast)
- antibiotics (penicillin)
- harm (spores that cause meningitis)
Characteristics of Protoctist Kingdom
- have nucleus
- may or may not have cell wall / chloroplast
- feed by photosynthesis or organic matter by other organisms
- multicellular/unicellular
Definition of Fungus
An organism whose cells have cell wall but does no photosynthesise
Characteristics of Prokaryote Kingdom
- no nucleus
- contains cell wall (peptidoglycan)
- no mitochondria
- usually unicellular
- small loop of DNA
- usually contains plasmid (small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cells’s chromosomal DNA)
Definition of Prokaryote
An organism whose cells does not have a nucleus
Definition of Protoctist
A single-celled organism, or one with several very similar cells
Definition of Hyphae
Microscopic threads, made up of cells linked in a long line, that makes up the body of a fungus
5 Classes of Vertebrates
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals, Birds
Characteristics of Reptiles
- have lunds and dry scales
- poikilotherms
- internal fertilisation
- oviparous
Characteristics of Amphibians
- adult: have lungs and absorb oxygen through moist skin
- young: breathe through gills
- poikilotherms
external fertilisation - oviparous
4 Classifications of Arthropods
Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans, Myriapods
Characteristics of Fish
- breathe through gills
- wet scales
- poikilotherms
- external fertilisation
- oviparous
Characteristics of Mammal
- have lungs and fur
- maintain body temperature
- internal fertilisation
- viviparous
Characteristics of Crustaceans
- > 8 jointed legs
- breathe through gills
- 3 segments (head, thorax, abdomen)
- 2 pairs of antennae
- live in wet places / water
Characteristics of Arthropods
- hard outer skeleton
- jointed legs
- segmented body
- many limbs
- bilateral symmetry
Characteristics of Insects
- 6 jointed legs
- 2 pairs of wings (1/both may be vestigial)
- breathe through tracheae
- 3 segments (head, thorax, abdomen)
- 1 pair of antennae
- live on land / terrestrial
Characteristics of Birds
- have lungs, feathers and beaks
- internal fertilisation
- oviparous
Characteristics of Arachnids
- 8 jointed legs
- breathe through book lung
- 2 segments (cephalothorax & abdomen)
- no antennae
- live on land
Characteristics of Myriapods
- 2 jointed legs per segment
- breathe through spiracles that are connected to tracheal system
- many similar segments
- 1 pair of antennae
- live in moist places
Definition of Vestigial
Description of a structure that has evolved to become so small that it is useless
Characteristics of Ferns
- plants with leaves (fronds), roots and stem
- does not produce flowers
- reproduce by spores on the underside of their fronds
Characteristics of Angiosperms
- plants with roots, stems and leaves
- reproduce using flowers and seeds
- seeds produced inside ovary of the flower
2 Types of Angiosperms
Monocotyledon & Dicotyledon
Characteristics of Monocots
- 1 cotyledon
- fibrous roots
- parallel leaf veins
- scattered stem vascular bundles
- flower petals in multiples of 3
Characteristics of Dicot
- 2 cotyledons
- tap root
- net leaf vein
- vasucalr bundles form ring
- 4 or 5 flower petals
Characteristics of Viruses
- not a living thing (no characteristics of living things)
- dependent on other living cells
- replicate in living cells
- smaller than bacteria
- RNA/DNA
- surrounded by capsid (protein shell)
- outer envelope consisting of lipids + proteins
